All times are local (= UTC + 10 hours)
Reports from 2001: August | October |
Reports from 2002: February | October | November | December |
Reports from 2003: January | February | March | June | July | August | September |
Reports from 2004: March |
Reports from 2005: January | February | March | June | July | September | October | November |
Reports from 2006: January | February | August | October | November | December |
Reports from 2007: January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
Reports from 2008: January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
Reports from 2009: January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
Reports from 2010: January |
29 August-4 September 2001
On 28 August very mild ash eruptions began. The eruptions followed an increase in the number and magnitude of low-frequency volcanic earthquakes a few days earlier. Eruptions continued until at least 31 August.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory via the Darwin VAAC
26 September-2 October 2001
During 10-30 September summit activity at Tavurvur, a stratovolcano of the Rabaul Caldera, was very low. During the report period very small-to-moderate amounts of steam were emitted from the active vent and low-frequency volcanic earthquakes decreased. After the 11th seismic activity was relatively low, except for a slight increase on the 16th. Very slow deflation began on 20 September.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory
10-16 October 2001
During 8-14 October summit activity at Tavurvur, a stratovolcano of the Rabaul Caldera, remained low and was dominated by weak-to-moderate emissions of white vapor. Low-frequency volcanic earthquakes continued to occur, but their number and size were relatively low. No significant ground deformation was detected.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory
20-26 February 2002
During 11-24 February volcanic and seismic activity were low at Rabaul's post-caldera cone, Tavurvur. Only white vapor was released from Tavurvur; emissions were blown to the SE and E resulting in vegetation being killed in the town of South Daughter (~2 km to the E). The Rabaul Volcanological Observatory stated that this suggests volcanic gases such as SO2 were being emitted.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory
16-22 October 2002
According to the Darwin VAAC, a large explosion occurred at Rabaul caldera on 20 October at 1347. They did not specify whether the eruption occurred from Tavurvur or Vulcan volcano. The eruption produced a thick, dark, ash plume that rose to ~3 km before dispersing to the N and NW. No ash was visible on satellite imagery due to meteorological clouds in the vicinity. The VAAC reported that similar explosions were expected to continue for the next couple of days. On the 23rd ash was visible at a height of ~3.6 km a.s.l.
Source: Darwin VAAC
23-29 October 2002
An eruption on 20 October from Tavurvur volcano took place at Rabaul caldera. The head of RVO stated that rocks were thrown 700 m from the summit and no lava was erupted. Ash from the eruption caused Tokua airport flights to be suspended on 22 October. It reopened on the 27th, with two flights permitted during the day. Reopening the airport was possible because ash from the eruption shifted away from it. Several small explosions occurred after the 20 October eruption and sent ash clouds to 4 km a.s.l. On the 28th RVO stated that a major increase in volcanic activity seemed unlikely.
Sources: Darwin VAAC , Rueters, Pacific Island Report
30 October-5 November 2002
Based on information from the Rabaul Volcano Observatory, the Darwin VAAC reported that low-level activity continued from Tavurvur volcano at Rabaul caldera through 4 November. Ash emissions occurred at long, irregular intervals and remained below ~3 km a.s.l.
Source: Darwin VAAC
20-26 November 2002
Very heavy ash emission was observed at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone on 24 November. A low-level plume was produced and no ash was visible on satellite imagery. RVO advised on 25 November that ash emissions were continuing from Rabaul, but at a reduced rate in comparison to previous weeks. Observations revealed that the ash content in the emissions was generally decreasing, and erupted ash clouds remained below ~1.5 km a.s.l.
Source: Darwin VAAC
27 November-3 December 2002
The eruption at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued through 3 December. The intensity of ash emission changed on 30 November from very slow to slightly forceful, and the interval between eruptions increased. Occasional moderate eruptions produced ash clouds that reached heights of 1-1.5 km above the crater. Two moderate explosions on the night of the 30th emitted visible incandescent lava fragments that showered the volcano's N and NE slopes and ash plumes that rose several hundred meters above the crater. On the evening of 3 December ash plumes were blown N and NW, causing fine ashfall in parts of Rabaul Town. During the report period, seismicity was at low-to-moderate levels. GPS measurements of ground deformation showed no significant changes, but electronic tiltmeters showed minor inflation. RVO stated that the current eruption at Tavurvur is expected to continue, but an increase in eruptive activity is unlikely.
Source: Darwin VAAC
4-10 December 2002
Through 11 December the eruption of Rabaul volcano's Tavurvur cone was characterized by slow, convoluted ash plumes that rose several hundred meters above the summit. There was a small amount of ash in the plumes, and minor ashfall affected areas close to the cone. Seismicity was low to moderate, and there was a ~2.5-minute-long period of harmonic tremor the morning of the 11th that was accompanied by a pulsating noise that emanated from the volcano. No ground deformation was recorded.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory via Darwin VAAC
11-17 December 2002
During 12-16 December, the eruption of Rabaul volcano's Tavurvur cone was characterized by slow, convoluted ash plumes that rose several hundred meters above the summit. Moderate amounts of ashfall affected areas close to the cone. Seismicity was low to moderate and no significant ground deformation was recorded. Although the NE vent was still dominant, some plumes also rose from the W side of the N crater.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory via Darwin VAAC
18-23 December 2002
During 17-20 December, the eruption of Rabaul volcano's Tavurvur cone was characterized by slow, convoluted ash plumes that rose several hundred to more than a thousand meters above the summit. Seismicity was low to moderate and no significant ground deformation was recorded.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory via Darwin VAAC
31 December 2002-7 January 2003
Activity at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued through 2 January, with eruptions occurring from three vents at different times. The eruptions were characterized by slow convoluted ash plumes rising several to thousands of meters above the summit. Seismicity was at low-to-moderate levels. No significant short-term deformation was recorded, following a very slow inflationary trend during the previous month.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory via Darwin VAAC
15-21 January 2003
Eruptions of Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued during 17-19 January, with activity from three different vents. Discrete convoluted ash plumes rose several hundred to a thousand meters above the volcano's summit. Plumes drifted N and NW, depositing small amounts of ash in Rabaul Town, and the villages of Malaguna, Matupit, Nonga, Tavai, Korere, and Rabura. During the report period, seismicity was at low levels. No significant short-term deformation was recorded, following a very slow inflationary trend during the previous 2 months.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory via Darwin VAAC
29 January-4 February 2003
Eruptions of Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued during 27 January to 2 February, with steam-and-ash emissions occurring at irregular intervals and rising about a few hundred meters above the summit. Ash plumes were blown to the SE and seismicity fluctuated at low levels. Ground-deformation measurements showed a slight inflationary trend over the last couple of days in the report period.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory via Darwin VAAC
5-11 March 2003
The eruption at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued during 26 February to 2 March. Activity was characterized by discrete, slow, convoluted ash plumes occurring at long, irregular intervals and rising slowly to several hundred to a thousand meters above the summit. Activity during the report period was slightly lower than activity during 17-26 February, with intervals between ash emissions becoming much longer. Ash emissions were blown to the E and SE. Seismicity remained at low levels and there were no significant changes in deformation. According to the Darwin VAAC, ash was not visible on satellite imagery.
Sources: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory via Darwin VAAC, Darwin VAAC
19-25 March 2003
Activity at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone during 13-19 March was low in comparison with previous months. The eruption continued to be characterized by discrete, convoluted ash plumes occurring at long irregular intervals and rising slowly to several hundred meters above the summit. Ash emissions mainly drifted E and SE. Some light ashfall occurred in the town of Rabaul on 16 March. During the report period, seismicity was at low levels and deformation measurements fluctuated.
Source: Rabaul Volcanological Observatory via Darwin VAAC
18-24 June 2003
On 21 June a low-level plume from Rabaul was visible on satellite imagery extending ~11 km NW of the summit.
Source: Darwin VAAC
25 June-1 July 2003
There was a noticeable decline in ash eruptions from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone on 22 June through at least 30 June. Around the 19th, ash plumes drifted NW, depositing ash in Rabaul Town and nearby villages. On 19 and 21 June ash emissions occurred within several minutes of each other, but on the 22nd the interval became much longer with no ash emissions occuring for as long as an hour. Ash-laden plumes rose between several hundred and ~1,500 m above the summit. Seismicity decreased on the 22nd, with the occurance of fewer low-frequency earthquakes that are associated with eruptive activity. No significant changes in deformation were recorded.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory
13-19 August 2003
On 10 August at least three small low-intensity ash emissions were observed at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone. On 13 August emissions produced ash clouds to a maximum height of ~1 km above the volcano. In August seismicity was at low levels and there were minimal ground movements. The volcano's edifice was inflated, and earthquakes occurred in the NE area of the volcano.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory
27 August-2 September 2003
On 10 August eruptions began again at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone after 2 days of very little activity. Eruptions mainly consisted of slowly emitted convoluted ash plumes at irregular intervals. On 25 August discrete explosions began to occur. Most of the ash from the eruptions was blown NW, resulting in ashfall in towns downwind, including in Rabaul and the Nonga area. During 1 July to 28 August, seismicity was at low levels and the amount of deformation was insignificant.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory
17-23 March 2004
Eruptive activity, which began at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone in October 2002, ceased on 17 February. During 1-17 February, emissions of "light-to-pale ash clouds" were accompanied by occasional moderate explosions that produced thick ash plumes. The ash plumes rose 1-2 km above the summit and drifted E and NE, resulting in ashfall in Duke of York, Rabaul Town, and other villages. During 18-29 February there were only weak gas emissions. Ground-deformation measurements showed a deflationary trend during the last half of February.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory
19-25 January 2005
Based on information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash emissions commenced at Rabaul on 25 January. Ash rose to ~500 m above the summit and drifted E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
26 January-1 February 2005
Based on information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 31 January ash was emitted from Rabaul to a height of ~1 km above the summit. Ash was not visible on satellite imagery.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
16-22 February 2005
During 1-21 February, eruptions of ash clouds occurred fairly frequently at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone. Ash clouds rose a few hundred meters, drifted SE, and deposited ash mainly offshore. Incandescent lava fragments were visible during several evenings. Between 200-350 earthquakes associated with the eruption occurred daily. During 18-21 February, ash fell in the town of Tokua.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory
23 February-1 March 2005
RVO reported that Rabaul caldera's active vent at Tavurvur cone continued to erupt during 22-24 February. Ash clouds rose several hundred meters before drifting SE. Most ash fell offshore, but there were reports of fine ash reaching Tokua airport, ~45 km SW of Rabual Town. RVO stated that based on past eruptive episodes from Tavurvur between 1995 and 2004 the current episode will most likely continue indefinitely. Also, the eruption will fluctuate but is not expected to reach levels that will pose a threat to life in Rabaul Town and surrounding villages. People were discouraged from venturing within 1 km of the eruptive vent. According to a news report, several flights to and from Tokua airport were cancelled due to ashfall in the area. Many flights have been cancelled since the eruption commenced in late January 2005.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory
2-8 March 2005
Low-level eruptions continued at Rabaul caldera's active vent at Tavurvur cone during 2-8 March. According to the Darwin VAAC, monsoonal low-level NW winds were expected to continue to blow ash towards Tokua airport.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
9-15 March 2005
Low-level eruptions continued at Rabaul caldera's active Tavurvur cone during 9-15 March. According to the Darwin VAAC, ash may affect Tokua airport, depending on the prevailing wind direction.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
23-29 March 2005
During 22-28 March, eruptions continued at Rabaul caldera's active Tavurvur cone every 10-20 minutes. These intervals were longer than during the previous weeks. Ash clouds rose several hundred meters above the summit. Moderate ash fell in Rabaul Town during 25-28 March. There were 100-200 earthquakes daily associated with the eruption. No changes were recorded in ground deformation. People were discouraged from entering within 1 km of the erupting vent.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory
22-28 June 2005
On 27 June the Darwin VAAC received a pilot report of an ash plume 37 km (20 nautical miles) to the NW of the volcano.
Source: Darwin VAAC
27 July-2 August 2005
A pilot observed an ash plume from Rabaul on 28 July at a height of 3 km (~10,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash was not visible on satellite data.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
3-9 August 2005
A low-level ash plume was visible on a satellite image of Rabaul on 9 August at an altitude of 1.5 km (~5,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
17-23 August 2005
Rabaul caldera's active Tavurvur cone continued to emit ash during 15-21 August, although there was a slight decline in the frequency of emissions in comparison to earlier weeks. Ash plumes rose 800-1,500 m above the volcano (or 4,900-7,200 ft a.s.l.) and drifted N and NW, occasionally depositing ash on the E part of Rabaul Town and in areas farther downwind. Projected incandescent lava fragments were visible at night. Seismicity was at moderate-to-high levels, with most earthquakes associated with ash emissions and explosions. Ground-deformation measurements from GPS and tide-gauge instruments fluctuated, however the general trend showed a slow rate of uplift. As a safety precaution, people were discouraged from venturing within 1 km of the erupting vent.
Source:Rabaul Volcano Observatory via the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
24-30 August 2005
During 22-28 August, ash emissions continued at Rabaul caldera's active Tavurvur cone. Ash plumes rose 800-1,500 m above the volcano (or 4,900- 7,200 ft a.s.l.) and drifted N and NW, depositing ash on the eastern part of Rabaul Town and beyond. Seismicity was at moderate-to-high levels, with most earthquakes associated with ash emissions and explosions. The deformation trend generally reflected uplift.
Source:Rabaul Volcano Observatory via the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
21-27 September 2005
During 12-18 September, ash emissions continued at Rabaul caldera's active Tavurvur cone. Ash plumes rose 800-1,500 m above the volcano (or 4,900-7,200 ft a.s.l.) and drifted N and NW, depositing ash in most parts of Rabaul Town and beyond. Projections of incandescent volcanic material were visible at night during strong explosions. Seismicity was at moderate-to-high levels, with most earthquakes associated with ash emissions and explosions. The deformation trend generally reflected uplift. People were discouraged from venturing within 1 km of the erupting vent.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory
5-11 October 2005
RVO reported that during 3-9 October, eruptions occurred at Rabaul caldera's active Tavurvur cone. Irregular ash emissions rose 800-1,500 m above the volcano (or 4,900-7,200 ft a.s.l.). Incandescent volcanic bombs were visible showering the cone's sides. Seismicity at the volcano was at moderate-to-high levels, with most earthquakes associated with ash emissions and explosions. Ground-deformation measurements fluctuated since stabilizing during the previous week, however the general trend showed slight deflation. People were discouraged from venturing within 1 km of the erupting vent. According to the Darwin VAAC, ash was visible on satellite imagery on 5 October.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin VAAC
23-29 November 2005
Rabaul caldera's active Tavurvur cone was quiet after ash emissions ceased on 20 November. During 21-27 November, only very small traces of gas were released from the eruption vent and from other spots on the summit area. Seismicity was at very low levels and a small amount of ground inflation was recorded.
Source:Rabaul Volcano Observatory via the Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin VAAC
25-31 January 2006
Ash emissions from Rabaul caldera's active Tavurvur cone on 10,11,12, and 15 January rose over 1.5 km above the volcano's summit and drifted E. Seismicity was at low levels during 1-15 January.
Source:Rabaul Volcano Observatory via the Darwin VAAC
15-21 February 2006
RVO reported that during 30 January to 15 February, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued to be relatively quiet. Variable amounts of gas were emitted from an active fumarole at the summit area on the upper part of the W flank. An average sulfur-dioxide flux of 200 metric tons per day was recorded and seismicity was at low levels. According to the Darwin VAAC, ash from Rabaul was visible on satellite imagery at a height of ~3.7 km (12,100 ft) a.s.l. on 17 February.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
16-22 August 2006
RVO reported that during 11-20 August, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued with mild eruptive activity. Variable amounts of diffuse gray ash-clouds were emitted from the summit area and rose to less than 150 m above the summit (~2,750 ft a.s.l.). The plumes drifted N and NW depositing small amounts of ash in Rabaul Town. Based on GPS and Tide Gauge measurements, an overall inflationary trend that began in mid-February continued through the reporting period.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
4-10 October 2006
The RVO reported that a large, sustained Vulcanian eruption of Rabaul began at about 0845 on 7 October. An ash column rose to over 5 km (16,400 ft a.s.l.) and had produced thunder and lightning. Sand-sized particles fell to the E. By 1200, windows rattled and doors slammed in the nearby town of Rabaul, N of Tavurvur crater, from semi-continuous air blasts that became rhythmic. Windows in the observatory, 12 km away, blew out from shockwaves. Moderately heavy ash fell in southern Rabaul town. Lapilli ~1 mm in diameter and lithics up to 3 cm in diameter fell in the S and SW parts of the caldera. Residents affected by heavier ashfall and air blasts self-evacuated. The eruption grew to sub-Plinian status throughout the day. Thick ash plumes reached 18 km (59,000 ft a.s.l.) altitude and dispersed N, NW, S, and SW. Ashfall affected the entire Gazelle Peninsula.
At 1415, the eruption style changed to Strombolian, which lasted until about 1730. During the night, moderate to bright incandescence was observed on the N rim of Tavurvur. Explosions and loud roaring noises were occasionally heard.
On 8 October, thick white and blue vapor clouds were accompanied by ash explosions and plumes that drifted N and NW. Lava flows on the W and N flanks were visible from 2 km NW in Rapindik. The lava flow on the W flank reached the sea, causing secondary explosions.
Sources: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Times Online
11-17 October 2006
Based on information from the RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that a brief eruption of Rabaul on 11 October produced a plume that reached an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. and dissipated NW. Continuous low-level emissions and Vulcanian eruptions produced plumes to 1 km (3,300 ft) a.s.l. during 12-17 October.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
18-24 October 2006
The RVO reported that a few Vulcanian eruptions from Rabaul occurred on 18 October and produced ash plumes to 1 km (3,300 ft) a.s.l. Ashfall was reported from E Rabaul town. Seismicity was at background levels and the rate of ground deformation was low.
Source: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
25-31 October 2006
Based on satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that a small ash-and-steam plume from Rabaul reached an altitude of 3.0 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW on 26, 27, and 28 October. The RVO reported that mild eruptions during 29-30 October produced thick, gray ash plumes that drifted N and NW. Fine ashfall was reported from Namanula, including surrounding areas downwind, and E Rabaul town. Seismicity was at background levels and the rate of ground deformation was low.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
1-7 November 2006
Based on satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that a diffuse plume from Rabaul drifted N on 1 November.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
8-14 November 2006
RVO reported that during 25 October-1 November, Rabaul emitted thick white vapor and sub-continuous gray ash clouds. Fine ashfall was reported from areas N and NW, including Rabaul town. On 28 October, a large explosion produced an ash cloud that reached an altitude of 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. Fine ashfall was reported from areas downwind and lava fragments fell onto the flanks. Only continuous, thick, white vapor clouds were emitted during 1-7 November. Two explosive events occurred on 2 November. Ash plumes from the first explosion reached altitudes of 1.5 km (4,900 ft) a.s.l. Plumes from both explosions drifted N. During 3-10 November, occasional small-to-moderate ash emissions produced plumes that drifted SE, away from populated areas. During 11-13 November, thick white vapor and occasional gray ash clouds drifted SE, S, W, NW, and N. Fine ashfall was reported downwind on 11 November.
Source: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
15-21 November 2006
RVO reported that during 14-20 November eruptions occurred at Rabaul caldera's active Tavurvur cone. On 14 November, a large explosion produced an ash plume that rose to 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. Lava fragments fell onto the flanks and into the sea. Continuous ash emissions followed. During 15-18 and 20 November, continuous emissions of white vapor and gray ash clouds produced plumes that rose to 0.8-3.2 km (2,600-10,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, E, N, and NW. On 19 November only thick white vapor clouds were emitted. Fine ashfall was reported downwind on 20 November.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
22-28 November 2006
RVO reported that during 20-23 November Rabaul emitted thick white vapor accompanied by minor gray ash clouds. On 21 November, emissions created a haze around the summit. On 22 and 23 November, plumes rose to about 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and E, respectively. Fine ashfall was reported from areas downwind to the W.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
29 November-5 December 2006
RVO reported that during 26-27 November Rabaul emitted weak gray ash clouds that drifted NW to W. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind. During 28 November-1 December, the emissions were forceful and plumes rose to 900 m (3,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. On 2 December, emissions of white vapor and gray ash clouds produced plumes to 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. that drifted ENE. During 3-6 December, ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (3,900-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. Ashfall was again reported from areas downwind. Seismicity continued at low levels and deformation rates were low.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
6-12 December 2006
RVO reported that during 6-8 December Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted thick white-to-gray plumes that rose to 1.2-3.2 km (3,900-10,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and NE. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind (NW) on 6 and 7 December. Roaring noises were heard during 7-10 December. On 11 December, the volcano was quiet and emitted only a diffuse plume that was also visible on satellite imagery. On 12 December, a loud explosion shook houses in Rabaul Town and a gray plume rose to 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. When the noise stopped on 10 December, the deformation monitoring equipment recorded an approximate 1-cm rapid uplift that subsided after the explosion on 12 December.
Sources: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
13-19 December 2006
Based on satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that diffuse plumes from Rabaul drifted mainly N and E during 15-17 December.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
27 December 2006-2 January 2007
RVO reported that during 24-29 December Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted ash plumes that rose to 1.1-3.7 km (3,600-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind including Rabaul town on 25, 27, and 28 December.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
3-9 January 2007
RVO reported that during 1-3 January, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted steam plumes with small amounts of ash that rose to 1.0-2.7 km (3,300-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and N. Roaring noises accompanied emissions on 2 January.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
10-16 January 2007
RVO reported that during 4-10 January, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted steam plumes with small amounts of ash that rose to 0.9-3.2 km (3,000-10,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and NE. On 10 January, a plume rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. Roaring noises were occasionally audible.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
24-30 January 2007
RVO reported that during 18-26 January, seismic activity at Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued at low levels. On 24 and 27-30 January, emissions of steam and a small amount of ash produced plumes that rose to a maximum altitude of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, and E. Roaring noises were occasionally audible. Based on satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that a small plume was visible on 30 January and drifted NE.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre
31 January 2006-6 February 2007
RVO reported that on 31 January, a large explosion from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone produced a shockwave. The flanks were showered with lava fragments and an ash plume rose a few hundred meters above the summit and drifted SE and E. Two more explosions occurred later that day. During 31 January-6 February, emissions of steam and of variable amounts of ash produced plumes that rose to a maximum altitude of 2.2 km (7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, SE, and E. Roaring noises were audible on 4 February.
Source: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
14-20 February 2007
Based on satellite imagery and RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that diffuse plumes from Rabaul rose to altitudes of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ESE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
21-27 February 2007
RVO reported that during 16-24 February, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted white vapor plumes that rose to 0.9-3.7 km (3,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, W, and E. Ash clouds were emitted on 16, 19, 21, and 23-24 February and ashfall was reported from surrounding villages on 20 February. Loud roaring noises were occasionally heard. On 22 February, a moderate explosion produced fragments that showered the flanks. On 27 February, the Darwin VAAC reported that a diffuse plume was visible on satellite imagery. On 28 February, RVO reported a large explosion produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.
Sources: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
28 February-6 March 2007
RVO reported that during 28 February-6 March, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted white vapor plumes containing a small amount of ash that rose to 1.2-1.7 km (3,900-5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ENE and E. Loud roaring noises occasionally accompanied emissions. During 3-6 March, multiple explosions occurred. Larger explosions produced shockwaves that rattled windows in Rabaul town and surrounding areas on 3 and 5 March. The flanks were showered with lava fragments. On 4 and 6 March, ash plumes rose to a maximum altitude of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind during the reporting period.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
7-13 March 2007
RVO reported that during 6-13 March, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted ash plumes that rose to 0.9-2.7 km (3,000-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, W, and E. Loud roaring noises occasionally accompanied emissions and ashfall was reported from surrounding villages. Multiple explosions occurred. Large explosions produced shockwaves that rattled windows in Rabaul town and surrounding areas. The flanks were showered with incandescent lava fragments during 7-13 March.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
14-20 March 2007
RVO reported that during 13-21 March, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted ash plumes that rose to 1.1-3.7 km (3,600-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, S, and W. Loud roaring noises occasionally accompanied emissions. During 16-21 March, multiple explosions occurred, some of which produced shockwaves. Summit incandescence was observed at night and lava fragments were projected onto the flanks. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind during the reporting period.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
21-27 March 2007
RVO reported that during 21-26 March, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted steam and steam-and-ash plumes that rose to 1-2.7 km (3,300-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. Roaring noises occasionally accompanied emissions. Incandescent material that was expelled during explosions landed on and rolled down the flanks. On 25 March, explosions shook buildings in Rabaul town.
Source: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
28 March-3 April 2007
RVO reported that during 26 March-1 April, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted steam and steam-and-ash plumes that rose to 0.8 km (2,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, N, and NW. Roaring noises occasionally accompanied emissions. Incandescent material was ejected to at most 100 m above the lowest part of the vent during 26-30 March. Based on reports from RVO and satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE during 1-2 April.
Sources: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
4-10 April 2007
RVO reported that during 3-10 April, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted steam and steam-and-ash plumes that rose to 0.8-2.7 km (2,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, N, NE, and E. Weak roaring noises occasionally accompanied the emissions. On 3 April, explosions shook buildings in Rabaul town. Based on reports from RVO and satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. during 8-9 April. Incandescent material was ejected from the crater during 9-10 April.
Sources: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
11-17 April 2007
RVO reported that during 10-17 April, Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone emitted steam and steam-and-ash plumes that rose to 1.1-2.7 km (3,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S and SE. Weak roaring noises occasionally accompanied the emissions. Small amounts of incandescent material were ejected from the crater during 13-15 April.
Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
18-24 April 2007
RVO reported that during 16-25 April, white-to-gray emissions from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone generated plumes that rose a few hundred meters and drifted multiple directions. Based on reports from RVO and satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that a diffuse plume rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. on 18 April and drifted SW. Occasionally during 18-23 April, moderately-sized explosions led to darker gray plumes. During 22-25 April, light ashfall was reported in Rabaul town. Weak roaring noises occasionally accompanied the emissions. A slight glow was seen from crater at night and small amounts of incandescent material were rarely ejected from the crater during 16-23 April.
Sources: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
25 April-1 May 2007
Based on information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that explosions occasionally occurred from Rabaul on 26 April. Diffuse steam-and-ash plumes were visible on satellite imagery and rose to a few hundred meters. RVO reported that on 29 April, ash plumes rose to 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind and occasional roaring noises were heard. Incandescence was observed at night during 25-29 April.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
2-8 May 2007
RVO reported that during 29-30 April, ash emissions from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone generated plumes that rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (3,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. During 1-2 May, ash plumes drifted NNW; ashfall was reported from Rabaul town and surrounding areas. Occasional roaring noises were heard and incandescence was observed at night.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
13-19 June 2007
RVO reported that during 19-20 June, four explosions from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone produced shockwaves that rattled windows of houses in Rabaul Town and surrounding areas. The explosions showered the flanks of the volcano with lava fragments. Ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. Ashfall was reported from Rabaul Town and surrounding areas.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
20-26 June 2007
RVO reported that during 20-26 June, emissions from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone consisted of white vapor plumes containing little ash occasionally accompanied by blue vapor. The plumes rose to an altitude less than 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, N, and SSE. Fine ash fell in areas downwind, including Rabaul Town. A mild smell of hydrogen sulfide gas was reported from Rabaul Town. Weak roaring noises were heard and incandescence was visible at night.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
27 June-3 July 2007
RVO reported that on 30 June and 2 July, explosions from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone produced shockwaves that rattled windows of houses in Rabaul Town and surrounding areas. Ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.7-3.7 km (8,900-12,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NW. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind. Incandescence was visible at the summit.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
11-17 July 2007
RVO reported that during 10-11 July, ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude less than 1.2 km (3,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NW. Fine ash fell in areas downwind, including Rabaul Town. During 12-14 July, white and blue vapor plumes drifted N and NW. A mild smell of sulfur gas was reported from areas downwind. On 17 July, an explosion was accompanied by a loud booming noise and an ash plume. The flanks were showered with lava fragments. The ash plume rose to an altitude less than 1.2 km (3,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. Ashfall was reported from Rabaul Town, Malaguna, and surrounding areas. White and blue vapor plumes were observed during 14-16 July. Roaring noises were heard and incandescence was visible at night.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
1-7 August 2007
RVO reported that during 22 July-1 August, white and blue vapor plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an approximate altitude of 0.9 km (3,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NNW. Roaring noises were occasionally heard and incandescence was intermittently visible at the crater rim. On 30 July, a white plume with little ash content rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. During 1-7 August, ash plumes rose to altitudes of 0.9-1.7 km (3,000-5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, and W. Slight ashfall was reported at Rabaul town and surrounding areas.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
8-14 August 2007
RVO reported that during 7-13 August, ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NW. On 8 August, ashfall greater than 5 mm thickness was reported in Rabaul Town. During 10-13 August, ashfall was reported from areas downwind, including Rabaul Town. Rumbling and jet-like noises were heard and incandescence was seen at the crater during the reporting period.
Source: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
15-21 August 2007
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.1 km (3,600 ft) a.s.l. on 15 August and drifted NNW. The ash emissions were accompanied by roaring noises. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul Town and surrounding areas. White vapor plumes noted during 14-20 August were occasionally accompanied by blue vapor plumes. Vapor plumes rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. on 20 August and drifted WNW.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
22-28 August 2007
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 0.9-2.4 km (3,000-7,900 ft) a.s.l. during 22-29 August and drifted NW. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul Town and surrounding areas during 23-29 August. Seismic activity increased to a high level on 25 through 29 August. The ash emissions were accompanied by roaring noises. Incandescence at the summit was observed during the reporting period.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
29 August-4 September 2007
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone decreased in frequency during 30 August-1 September. Ash plumes drifted W and NW on 29 August. On 31 August, an explosion produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. The plume drifted W and resulted in fine ashfall downwind. On 2 September, ash plumes drifted NW and ashfall was reported in Rabaul Town and surrounding areas. The ash emissions were accompanied by roaring noises. Incandescence at the summit was observed during the reporting period.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
5-11 September 2007
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude less than 1 km (3,300 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W on 3 September. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind. During 4-10 September, white vapor plumes rose to altitudes less than 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted WNW. On 8 and 9 September, the smell of hydrogen-sulfide gas coincided with a blue tinge in the vapor plumes. During the reporting period, emissions were accompanied by roaring noises and observers saw incandescence at the summit.
Source: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
12-18 September 2007
RVO reported that white vapor plumes rose from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone during 10-18 September. On 16, 18, and 19 September, occasional ash plumes rose to an altitude of 0.9 km (3,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W or NW. Slight ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul town.
Source: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
19-25 September 2007
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (3,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW on 20 September. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind, including Rabaul Town. White vapor plumes containing a small amount of ash were emitted during 20-24 September. On 25 September, ash plumes rose to an altitude less than 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Roaring noises were heard. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind, including Namanula Hill.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
26 September-2 October 2007
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of approximately 1.7-2.7 km (5,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, W and SW during 25-27 September and 30 September-2 October. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind, including Rabaul Town and Nonga. Roaring and rumbling noises occasionally accompanied the emissions. On 27 September, a large explosion was noted. During 30 September-2 October, incandescent fragments were ejected from the summit and rolled down the flanks.
Based on observations of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. on 2 October.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
3-9 October 2007
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of approximately 1.7-2.7 km (5,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW on 3 October. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind, including Rabaul Town. Ash plumes on 4 October drifted W and resulted in ashfall in Matupit Island, Malaguna. Incandescent fragments were ejected from the summit. On 5 October, vapor plumes with minor ash content were noted. Rumbling noises occasionally accompanied the ash emissions.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
10-16 October 2007
RVO reported that white vapor plumes rose from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone during 8-16 October. Occasional explosions produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.7 km (5,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted NNE and S. Ashfall was reported downwind, including Namanula Hill and surrounding areas. The ash emissions were intermittently accompanied by roaring noises, and incandescence at the summit was observed during the reporting period.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
17-23 October 2007
RVO reported that white vapor plumes rose from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone during 17-22 October. Ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-4.7 km (3,900-15,400 ft) a.s.l. during 17-18 October and drifted S and NNW. Ashfall was reported from areas downwind on 17 October. The ash emissions were intermittently accompanied by roaring noises, and incandescence at the summit was observed during the reporting period.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
24-30 October 2007
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 2.7-3.7 km (3,900-15,400 ft) a.s.l. during 29-30 October. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul town. Occasional incandescence at the summit was observed.
Source: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
31 October-6 November 2007
RVO reported that white plumes occasionally accompanied by ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.7 km (5,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. during 2-5 November. Plumes drifted N, NW, and W. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul town and surrounding areas. A strong smell of hydrogen-sulfide gas was reported and occasional incandescence at the summit was observed.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
21-27 November 2007
RVO reported that white plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (3,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ESE and NNW during 17-28 November. Plumes drifted N, NW, and W. Continuous incandescence at the summit was observed and roaring noises were occasionally heard. A lava dome on the crater floor was seen on video images on 25 November. The dome was an estimated 20 m high and 50 m across, and was strongly degassing.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
5-11 December 2007
RVO reported on 10 December that after five weeks of low-level activity from Rabaul, ash was emitted from a new vent in the NE crater during 8-9 December. Resultant ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.6 km (8,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S during 8-10 December. Occasional roaring noises were heard. Continuous incandescence from the lava dome on the crater floor was visible at night.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
12-18 December 2007
RVO reported that ash plumes from the new vent in the NE crater of Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (3,900 ft) a.s.l. during 10-13 December. Plumes drifted SE, W, NW, and E. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul town on 11 December. Occasional incandescence at the summit was observed. During 13-18 December, white plumes were observed and a strong smell of hydrogen-sulfide gas was reported.
Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
2 January-8 January 2008
RVO reported that white plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone were observed during 28 December-3 January. Incandescence at the summit was noticeable at night and loud roaring noises were often heard after rain.
Source: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
9 January-15 January 2008
RVO reported that intermittent ash and vapor plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone were observed during 8-15 January. On 11 January, a small explosion produced an ash plume that rose to altitudes of 1.2-1.5 km (3,900-4,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. During 11-15 January, ash and vapor plumes rose to altitudes of 0.9-1.2 km (3,000-3,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, NE, N, and W. Slight ashfall was reported about 20 km SE in Tokua on 11 and 12 January. Data from deformation-monitoring instruments indicated no deformation. Incandescence from the lava dome on the crater floor was occasionally visible at night.
Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
16 January-22 January 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 0.8-1 km (2,600-3,300 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE during 17-20 and 22-23 January. On 17 January ashfall was reported in Tokua, about 20 km SE, prompting Air Niugini to cancel some flights. During 18-20 January, the ash plumes were released at 10-20 minute intervals. White plumes were emitted on 21 and 22 January. Incandescence from the center of the crater was visible at night during 17-22 January.
Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
23 January-29 January 2008
RVO reported that white plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (4,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and NE during 24-25 January. Incandescence at the summit was seen at night. On 26 January, ash plumes that were emitted about every 10-20 minutes rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. Slight ashfall was reported in areas on the E coast. Deformation-monitoring instruments indicated that uplift started on 23 January and peaked during 25-26 January with 2 cm of inflation. On 28 January, white plumes rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. On 29 and 30 January, ash-and-gas plumes rose to the same altitude as the previous day but drifted SW, W, and E.
Source: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
30 January-5 February 2008
RVO reported that gray and brown ash plumes and steam plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 0.9-2.7 km (3,000-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE during 31 January-5 February. Incandescence from the center of the crater was visible almost every night. On 1 February, ashfall was reported in Kokopo, about 20 km SE. Roaring noises were heard from near-by areas during 1-3 February. On 4 February, a strong smell of hydrogen sulfide gas was reported from Rabaul Town (3-5 km NW).
Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
6 February-12 February 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.2-1.7 km (3,900-5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, W, SW, S, SE, and E during 6-11 February. Ashfall was reported everyday in areas downwind, including Matupit, Kokopo, and Rabaul Town, and surrounding areas. During 6-7 February, incandescence at the summit was noted and incandescent material was propelled from a vent on the inner E wall of the crater.
Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
13 February-19 February 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.2 km (7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, N, E, SE, and S during 12-15 and 17-20 February. Ashfall was reported in Barovon, Lalakua, Raluana, Kokopo, and surrounding villages downwind. During 19-20 February, incandescence at the summit was accompanied by projections of lava fragments. Roaring noises were sometimes heard.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory
20 February-26 February 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.7 km (5,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, S, and SW during 20-27 February. Roaring noises were occasionally heard. Ashfall was reported in areas mainly downwind, including Kokopo Town (SE), Takubar (SW), and Tokua (SE), during 21-25 February. Incandescence at the summit was noted during 22-24 February. On 25 February an explosion showered the flanks with lava fragments. On 26 February a large explosion was accompanied by a thick billowing ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E. The flanks were again showered with lava fragments. Ashfall was reported in Kokopo and surrounding areas.
Source: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
27 February-4 March 2008
RVO reported that ash and steam plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 0.9-2.2 km (3,000-7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W during 27 February-4 March. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Matupit, during 27 February-1 March. A smell of hydrogen-sulfide gas was reported in Rabaul Town and roaring noises were heard during 1-3 March. On 3 March, incandescence at the summit was observed.
Source: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
5 March-11 March 2008
RVO reported that during 4-7 March white plumes rose from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone and incandescence at the summit was noted. Ash was emitted on 6 March. A slight smell of hydrogen-sulfide gas was reported in areas to the S on 5 March. During 8-11 March, ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-1.7 km (3,900-5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, W, SW, S, and SE. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Kokopo town (SE) during 8-10 March, and Rabaul town (NW) on 11 March.
Source: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
12 March-18 March 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 2.7-3.2 km (8,900-10,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, W, SW, and S during 12-19 March. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul Town (3-5 km NW) and Matupit Island (2 km W). Incandescence at the summit was observed and roaring noises were occasionally heard.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
19 March-25 March 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-3.2 km (5,600-10,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in almost all directions during 19-26 March. Ashfall was reported daily in areas downwind, including Rabaul Town (3-5 km NW), Matupit Island (2 km W), and Kokopo (20 km SE). Incandescence at the summit was observed and roaring noises were occasionally heard. An explosion produced lava fragments that showered the flanks on 20 March. Shockwaves rattled windows in Rabaul Town. Another explosion showered the flanks with lava fragments on 22 March. During 25-26 March, ashfall affected flights into Tokua (about 20 km SE of Rabaul).
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
26 March-1 April 2008
During 26 March-1 April, RVO reported that ash and steam-and-ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (3,900-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, NW, and N. Incandescent material was propelled above the crater rim and explosive roaring noises were occasionally heard.
Source: Herman Patia and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
2 April-8 April 2008
RVO reported that during 1-9 April ash and steam-and-ash plumes rose to altitudes of 0.9-1.7 km (3,000-5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. Ashfall was reported in Kokopo (about 20 km SE) on 2 April and in areas downwind during 4-7 April. Incandescence at night at the summit and occasional explosions were reported. Roaring noises were reported and sometimes rhythmic during 2-3 and 8-9 April.
Source: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
9 April-15 April 2008
RVO reported that during 9-13 April ash and steam-and-ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.2 km (5,600-7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul Town (3-5 km NW). Incandescence at night at the summit and intermittent roaring noises were reported. A large explosion on 10 April showered the flanks with lava fragments and produced a shockwave that rattled windows in Rabaul Town.
Source: Steve Saunders and Harman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
16 April-22 April 2008
During 18-19 April, the Darwin VAAC reported that low-level ash-and-steam plumes from Rabaul were observed on satellite imagery drifting ESE. According to the VAAC, RVO advised that ash eruptions continued and rocks were expelled during explosions. RVO reported several explosions on 21 April. Billowing ash plumes drifted W and SE during 21-23 April, and caused ashfall about 2 km away in N Matupit on 22 April and areas downwind on 23 April.
Sources: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
23 April-29 April 2008
RVO reported that during 23-29 April ash and ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.7 km (5,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, SE, and SW. Incandescence at night at the summit, intermittent roaring noises, and occasional explosions were reported. Ashfall measured over 1 cm thick nearby and E of Tavurvur during 23-24 April and was noted in other areas downwind during 25-29 April. Incandescent fragments were propelled from the summit at night during 27-28 April.
Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
30 April-6 May 2008
RVO reported that during 30 April-7 May ash plumes from multiple places inside Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.2 km (3,900-7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, E, and SE. Intermittent roaring and rumbling noises and occasional explosions were reported. Ashfall was reported in nearby areas. Ash in Rabaul Town (3-5 km NW) suspended by wind and traffic was problematic. During 5-7 May, incandescent tephra was occasionally visible at night.
Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
7 May-13 May 2008
RVO reported that during 7-13 May ash-and-steam plumes from multiple places inside Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.2 km (7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. Intermittent roaring and rumbling noises were reported. Incandescent tephra was occasionally visible at night. Based on observations of satellite imagery and reports from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that low-level ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE during 8-9 May. Low-level plumes drifted NE during 10-11 May.
Sources: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
14 May-20 May 2008
RVO reported that during 13-15 May gas plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone produced a haze to the W and NE. During 15-21 May, ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.7 km (5,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, N, and NW. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul Town (3-5 km NW). Occasional roaring noises and incandescence at the base of the plume was noted.
Source: Steve Saunders and Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
21 May-27 May 2008
RVO reported that during 21-28 May ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (3,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N. Intermittent roaring noises were heard and ashfall was reported in Rabaul Town (3-5 km NW). During 25-27 May, ash and steam plumes drifted N, NW, and W, resulting in almost continuous ashfall in nearby areas. Occasional roaring noises were again reported.
Source: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
28 May-3 June 2008
RVO reported steam plumes and roaring noises from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone during 28 May-2 June. Based on observations of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. on 2 June and drifted NW.
Sources: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
4 June-10 June 2008
RVO reported that during 2-5 June periodic explosions from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone were followed by short-lived ash plumes and steam plumes. During 5-10 June, plumes with little to no ash were emitted, loud roaring was almost continuous, and nighttime incandescence was noted.
Source: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
11 June-17 June 2008
RVO reported that during 10-18 June white plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes less than 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. During 10-12 June, intermittent roaring and incandescence at the summit were reported. On 17 June, ash plumes rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NW. White plumes with a small amount of ash were seen the next day.
Source: Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
25 June-1 July 2008
RVO reported that during 20-26 June, ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes less than 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW. Roaring noises were reported. During 26-30 June, steam-and-ash plumes rose to altitudes of 0.9-1.7 km (3,000-5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. Nighttime incandescence was noted. During 23-30 June, ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including in Rabaul and surrounding towns.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
2 July-8 July 2008
RVO reported that during 1-7 July, ash-and-steam plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes up to 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW. Ashfall was reported downwind in Rabaul town, Namanula Hill, Malaguna, and surrounding areas, and was heavy during 2-3 July. Incandescence at the summit was noted at night during 1-2 July; plumes blocked views of the summit during 3-7 July. During 4-7 July, roaring noises were reported. Based on observations of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 8 July an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
9 July-15 July 2008
Eruptions continued from the Tavurvur cone at Rabul during 7-12 July 2008. Occasional thick gray ash clouds formed a continuous ash plume drifting NW, causing fine to moderate ashfall in Rabaul town and other villages. Occasional loud roaring noises were heard accompanying some of the emissions. Seismicity was at moderate levels, dominated by low-frequency volcanic earthquakes. The deflationary trend, identified from ground deformation measurements since July 2007, ceased between May and June 2008.
Advisories to aviators issued by the Darwin VAAC noted ash plumes to altitudes of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. extending 90 km downwind to the NW during 14-15 July.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
16 July-22 July 2008
RVO reported that during 12-18 July, ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone drifted NW and W. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind including significant accumulation in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW).
Source: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
23 July-29 July 2008
Based on observations of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 23-24 and 26-29 July ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
30 July-5 August 2008
RVO reported that during 25 July-4 August, ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-3.7 km (5,600-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW. Ashfall was reported downwind in Rabaul town, Namanula Hill, Malaguna, and surrounding areas. Occasionally incandescence at the summit was observed and roaring noises were reported. During 31 July-4 August, incandescent lava fragments were ejected along with some of the more forceful ash emissions.
Based on observations of satellite imagery and reports from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that low-level plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW during 5-6 August.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
6 August-12 August 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued to be emitted during 4-10 August. Ashfall was reported in areas NW. Occasionally incandescence at the summit was observed and roaring noises were reported. Incandescent lava fragments were ejected along with some of the more forceful ash emissions. Based on observations of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-12 August, low-level ash plumes rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
13 August-19 August 2008
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and reports from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-19 August, low-level plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted WNW and NW. During 16-18 August, RVO reported ashfall in areas downwind. Occasionally incandescence at the summit was observed and roaring noises were heard. Explosions also ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
20 August-26 August 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued to be emitted during 18-22 August, although less so than during 16-18 August. Some prolonged ash-free intervals were immediately followed by explosions that produced ash plumes. The plumes drifted NW and caused ashfall in areas downwind. Occasionally incandescence at the summit was observed and roaring noises were heard. Explosions also ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 23 August ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
27 August-2 September 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued to be emitted during 29-31 August. The plumes drifted NW and caused ashfall in areas downwind. Continuous incandescence at the summit was observed and roaring noises were heard. Explosions also ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Source: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
3 September-9 September 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued to be emitted during 1-8 September. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind. Ash accumulation in Rabaul Town was significant in mid-to-late July and in August; fresh ashfall and re-suspended ashfall due to winds and cars caused "unpleasant" conditions. During 1-6 September, conditions improved due to decreased ashfall, changes in wind patterns, and light rains that inhibited ash re-suspension. Continuous incandescence at the summit was observed, and roaring and rumbling noises were heard. Explosions also ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 4-6 and 8-9 September ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
10 September-16 September 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued to be emitted during 9-14 September. Ashfall was reported in areas to the S, SW, and NW. Sub-continuous incandescence at the summit was observed, and roaring and rumbling noises were heard. Explosions also ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, pilot reports, and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 10-16 September ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SW, and NW.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
17 September-23 September 2008
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 17-23 September ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted WSW, W, NW, and NE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
24 September-30 September 2008
RVO reported that ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone continued to be emitted during 15-29 September. Plumes drifted in multiple directions. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul town (3-5 km NW), Namanula Hill (3 km W), and Kokopo (20 km SE). Flights to Tokua airport (20 km SW) were canceled on 24 September due to ashfall. During 28-29 September, ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.7-3.2 km (8,900-10,500 ft) a.s.l. Continuous incandescence at the summit was observed and roaring noises were heard.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
1 October-7 October 2008
RVO reported that during 30 September-6 October ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.7 km (5,600-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, W, and NW. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and Namanula Hill (3 km W). Continuous incandescence from the vent was observed. Loud roaring noises were reported on 6 October.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 7 October ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
8 October-14 October 2008
RVO reported that during 7-12 October steam and ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, and W. During 11-12 October, ash emissions increased in frequency; ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Namanula Hill (3 km W). Continuous incandescence from the vent was observed. Loud roaring noises were reported on 9 October.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-14 October ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and WNW.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
15 October-21 October 2008
RVO reported that during 12-20 October ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 0.9-2.7 km (3,000-8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, S, and SE. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind. During 20-21 October, large explosions occurred and ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.7-3.7 km (5,600-12,100 ft) a.s.l. A significant amount of ash fell in the area of Rabaul town (3-5 km NW). Continuous incandescence from the vent was observed and loud roaring noises were reported.
Source: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
22 October-28 October 2008
RVO reported that during 21-26 October ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and W. During 21-24 October ashfall was reported in areas downwind, continuous incandescence from the vent was observed, and loud rumbling and roaring noises were reported. During 24-25 October ash plumes drifted to the NW area between Namanula Hill and Rabaul town. On 26 October, ash plumes rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, creating hazy conditions in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW).
Source: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
29 October-4 November 2008
RVO reported that during 27 October-2 November ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and SE. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind. Sub-continuous incandescence from the vent was observed and rumbling and roaring noises were reported on some days. Explosions or forceful emissions sometimes ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 3 November ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
5 November-11 November 2008
RVO reported that during 3-6 November ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.2 km (5,600-7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind. Sub-continuous incandescence from the vent was observed, and rumbling and roaring noises were reported on some days. Explosions or forceful emissions sometimes ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 7 and 9-12 November ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NW.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
12 November-18 November 2008
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 12 and 16-18 November ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and NNW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
19 November-25 November 2008
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 12 and 19-25 November ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted mainly N, NW, and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
26 November-2 December 2008
RVO reported that during 21-27 November light gray ash plumes and white steam plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, S, SW, and W. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind. Incandescence from the vent was observed, and rumbling and roaring noises were reported on some days. Explosions or forceful emissions sometimes ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 30 November-1 December ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and WSW.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
3 December-9 December 2008
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 3-5, 7, and 9 December ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, NE, NNW, WNW, and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
10 December-16 December 2008
RVO reported that during 6-12 December gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul town (3-5 km NW). Rumbling and roaring noises were reported on some days. Explosions or forceful emissions sometimes ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 14-16 December ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, ESE, and NE.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
17 December-23 December 2008
RVO reported that during 13-19 December gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.2 km (5,600-7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Rabaul town (3-5 km NW). Rumbling and roaring noises were reported on some days. Explosions or forceful emissions sometimes ejected incandescent lava fragments.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 22 and 23 December ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ENE.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
24 December-30 December 2008
RVO reported that during 20-26 December gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.7-2.2 km (5,600-7,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and W. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including Kokopo Town (SE). Rumbling and roaring noises were reported on some days. Explosions or forceful emissions sometimes ejected incandescent lava fragments that fell back into the crater and occasionally onto the slopes.
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and pilot observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 30 December an ash plume rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NW.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
31 December-6 January 2009
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and pilot observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 31 December, 1 January, and 3-5 January, ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, NNW, and SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
7 January-13 January 2009
RVO reported that during 3-14 January gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose several hundred meters above the crater to 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and SE. Explosions or forceful emissions sometimes ejected incandescent lava fragments that fell back into the crater and occasionally onto the slopes. Ashfall affected areas downwind; Air Niugini suspended all its flights to Tokua airport (about 20 km SE) during 5-9 January. According to a news article, a local shipping company offered to take passengers to a nearby airport in New Ireland Province, an area not affected by the ash plumes. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-12 January ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, and NE.
RVO reported that on 11 January two small vents opened on the SW flank of Tavurvur (one-quarter of the way up the flank) and emitted strong fumaroles. During 11-13 January, the vents ejected ash. On 13 January, two explosions produced dull booms and sounds resembling falling rocks. Ash plumes rose 200-500 m above the vents and drifted SE. Later that day, diffuse white plumes were emitted. Air Niugini flights into Tokua airport remained suspended on 13 January.
Sources: Ima Itikarai and Steve Saunders, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Australian Broadcasting Corporation
14 January-20 January 2009
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 14-18 January ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, SE, and SW. On 16 January, RVO reported that gray ash plumes rose above the crater and dispersed slowly to the E.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
21 January-27 January 2009
Based on analysis of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 22-25 January ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and W. On 27 January, an ash plume at an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. was visible on satellite imagery.
RVO reported that during 23-26 January gray ash plumes rose to an altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. White plumes were also emitted. Occasional low rumbling noises were heard throughout the period and weak incandescence was visible at night. Forceful emissions sometimes ejected incandescent lava fragments. Ashfall affected areas downwind, including Rapolo and Malaguna (NW), Kokopo (SE), and Tokua airport (SE).
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
28 January-3 February 2009
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 28-30 January ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.3 km (6,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ESE and SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
4 February-10 February 2009
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 9 February an ash plume from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
11 February-17 February 2009
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-14 February ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and W. On 17 February, a low-level ash plume drifted SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
18 February-24 February 2009
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 22-23 February ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, W, and NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
4 March-10 March 2009
RVO reported that during 2-8 March white plumes and gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose a few hundred meters above the crater to 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and SE. Incandescence was seen most nights and incandescent tephra was ejected from the crater. Rumbling and roaring noises were reported during 4-6 March, and ashfall was reported in areas downwind. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 10 March an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
11 March-17 March 2009
RVO reported that during 9-15 March gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to a maximum altitude of 2.7 km (8,900 ft) a.s.l. Incandescence was seen at night and incandescent tephra was occasionally ejected from the crater during periods of heightened activity. Light ashfall was reported in areas to the NW and SE.
Source: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
18 March-24 March 2009
RVO reported that during 16-20 March gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to a maximum altitude of 1.7 km (5,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Blue vapor was visible during intervals between ash cloud emissions. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night, and incandescent tephra was occasionally ejected from the crater during periods of heightened activity. Light ashfall was reported in areas downwind, including in the Duke of York Islands about 20 km E.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
25 March-31 March 2009
RVO reported that during 21-26 March white and occasional gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 500 m above the crater and drifted in variable directions. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night. Light ashfall was reported S of Duke of York Islands, about 20 km E.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
1 April-7 April 2009
RVO reported that during 27 March-2 April white and occasionally gray or brown plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1 km above the crater. Plumes drifted SE and NW. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night and roaring noises were reported. On 2 April, light ashfall was reported in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 5 April an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted about 37 km NE. On 7 April, ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
8 April-14 April 2009
RVO reported that during 3-9 April white and gray plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1 km above the crater. Plumes drifted SE and NW. Occasionally, incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night and roaring noises were reported. Light ashfall was reported in Kokopo, about 20 km SE. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-12 April ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted up to 75 km NW. On 14 April, ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and up to 120 km NW.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
15 April-21 April 2009
RVO reported that during 10-17 April white and gray plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1-2 km above the crater. Plumes drifted SE and NW. Occasionally, incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night and roaring noises were reported. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
22 April-28 April 2009
RVO reported that during 18-25 April white and gray plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 0.5-1.5 km above the crater. Plumes drifted E and SE. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night and occasional roaring noises were reported. Ashfall was reported in Kokopo, about 20 km SE, and surrounding areas. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 27 and 28 April ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55 km S and 35 km SW.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
29 April-5 May 2009
RVO reported that on 27 April white and occasionally gray plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 0.5-1 km above the crater. Ashfall was reported in Kokopo, about 20 km SE, along with infrequent roaring noises. Activity decreased during 28 April-2 May; white and, less frequently blue, plumes were emitted. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 3-4 May ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted about 35 km NE.
Sources: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
6 May-12 May 2009
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 9 May ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted about 35 km E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
20 May-26 May 2009
RVO reported that during 14-20 May white and occasionally blue plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1 km above the crater. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 20-21 May ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 30-40 km SE and SW.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
27 May-2 June 2009
RVO reported that during 21-28 May white and occasionally blue plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1 km above the crater. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night.
Source: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
3 June-9 June 2009
RVO reported that during 29 May-6 June white and occasionally blue plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1 km above the crater. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night. On 5 June, an ash plume drifted NW and caused ashfall in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas.
Source: Herman Patia, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
10 June-16 June 2009
RVO reported that during 7-11 June white and occasionally blue plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1.5 km above the crater. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-12 and 16 June ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.1 km (5,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-45 km SE, E, and NE.
Sources: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
17 June-23 June 2009
An RVO report for 12-18 June noted that the Tavurvur cone at Rabaul produced pale gray ash plumes during 16-17 June. Activity after that consisted primarily of dense white steam plumes, with occasional ash emissions. Continuous glow was seen at night.
Source: Ima Itikarai, Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
24 June-30 June 2009
RVO reported that during 19-25 June gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1.5 km above the crater and produced ashfall in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas. Incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 26-28 June ash plumes rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-75 km NW and W.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
1 July-7 July 2009
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 3 July an ash plume from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45 km N. On 7 July, an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted less than 30 km SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
8 July-14 July 2009
RVO reported that during 3-9 July incandescence from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone was visible at night. Steam plumes rose 1.5 km above the crater. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 9-10 July ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 20-40 km NW, N, and NE.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
15 July-21 July 2009
RVO reported that during 10-21 July white and occasionally blue tinted plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose less than 1 km above the crater. Pale-gray ash accompanied the emissions on 13 and 15 July. Ashfall affected Rabaul town (3-5 km NW), Ratavul (20 km SSE), and Nonga (10 km NW). Incandescence was visible at night and roaring was heard during 14-18 July.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
29 July-4 August 2009
RVO reported that during 22-30 July incandescence from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone was occasionally visible at night. Steam plumes rose 1.5 km above the crater. During 28-30 July, ash plumes also rose 1.5 km above the crater, and rumbling and roaring noises were reported. On 30 July, incandescent lava fragments were ejected from the crater. Ashfall was reported in areas to the NW. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 2 August ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55-90 km SW and S.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
5 August-11 August 2009
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 5-11 August ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-185 km in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
12 August-18 August 2009
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 14 August ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-280 km NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
26 August-1 September 2009
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 28-29 August ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 90-260 km NW and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
2 September-8 September 2009
RVO reported that during 28 August-3 September white and gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1.5 km above the crater and produced ashfall in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas. Occasionally, incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night, and incandescent lava fragments were ejected from the crater. Rumbling and roaring noises were reported. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 5 and 8 September ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55-90 km N and NE.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
9 September-15 September 2009
RVO reported that during 4-10 September gray ash and white plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1.5 km above the crater. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas. Occasionally, incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night, and incandescent lava fragments were ejected from the crater. Rumbling and roaring noises were reported. Several large explosions occurred during an eight-hour period one unspecified evening. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-13 and 15 September ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-130 km N and NW.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
16 September-22 September 2009
RVO reported that during 11-17 September gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1.5 km above the crater. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas. Occasionally, incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night, and incandescent lava fragments were ejected from the crater. Rumbling and roaring noises were reported. Several strong explosions occurred on 11, 16, and 17 September, but were few or absent on other days. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 21-22 September ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 65-110 km NW.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
23 September-29 September 2009
RVO reported that during 18-24 September gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 1.5 km above the crater. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas. Occasionally, incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night, and incandescent lava fragments were ejected from the crater. Rumbling and roaring noises were reported, although less frequently than during 11-17 September. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 29 September an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km NW.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
30 September-6 October 2009
RVO reported that during 25 September-1 October gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 2 km above the crater. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas. Occasionally, incandescence from the summit crater was seen at night and incandescent lava fragments were ejected from the crater. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 6 October an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55 km NW.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
7 October-13 October 2009
RVO reported that during 2-8 October gray ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 2 km above the crater. Ashfall was reported in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and surrounding areas. Incandescence from the summit crater was occasionally visible. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 9 October an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km NW.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
14 October-20 October 2009
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 15, 18, and 20 October ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to altitudes of 2.7-3 km (9,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-85 km NW, W, and NE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
21 October-27 October 2009
RVO reported that during 16-22 October diffuse white plumes and gray ash plumes rose from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone; ash plumes rose 700 m above the crater. Ashfall was reported in areas to the NW.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
28 October-3 November 2009
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 28-29 October ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-45 km N, E, and SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
4 November-10 November 2009
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 9 November an ash plume from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 110 km NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
11 November-17 November 2009
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-14 November ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75-150 km NW and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
18 November-24 November 2009
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 19 November ash plumes from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-90 km NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
25 November-1 December 2009
RVO reported that during 20-26 November thick white plumes and gray ash plumes rose from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone. Strong explosions produced ash plumes that rose 1.5 km above the summit and showered the flanks with lava fragments that were incandescent at night. Shock waves rattled windows in the Kokopo area, about 20 km SE. Occasionally, incandescence from the summit crater was noted.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
2 December-8 December 2009
RVO reported that during 27 November-3 December dense white plumes and gray ash plumes rose from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone. Strong explosions produced ash plumes that rose 1.5 km above the summit and showered the flanks with lava fragments that were incandescent at night. Shock waves rattled windows in the Kokopo area, about 20 km SE. Incandescence from the summit crater was occasionally noted. During 2-4 December, ash fell in Rabaul town (3-5 km NW) and other villages downwind. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 5 and 7-8 December ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45-55 km E.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
9 December-15 December 2009
RVO reported that activity from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone consisted of a few strong explosions towards the beginning of the 4-10 December reporting period, and emissions of gray ash afterwards. Diffuse white vapor was emitted during quieter intervals. Ash plumes rose 1 km above the summit and drifted SE towards Tokua and the Tokua airport, causing suspension of some flights. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 14 December an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35 km SE.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
30 December-5 January 2010
RVO reported that activity from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone was at a low level during 21-31 December; no emission from the crater was observed on most days. White steam plumes accompanied by blue plumes were occasionally emitted. On 23 December, ash emissions rose less than 200 m above the cone. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 31 December an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted less than 30 km SE.
Sources: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
6 January-12 January 2010
RVO reported that activity from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone was at a low level during 1-10 January. No emissions from the crater were observed on most days, but white steam plumes accompanied by blue plumes were occasionally seen. On 8 January, ash emissions rose less than 200 m above the cone.
Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)
13 January-19 January 2010
Based on a Port Moresby Met Office notice, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 18 January an ash plume from Rabaul caldera's Tavurvur cone rose 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l.