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Ruapehu

Start Date: 2007  Sep 25  Stop Date: 2007 Sep 25 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Tephra Volume:  2.6  x  105 m3

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Damage (land, property, etc.)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)
    Evacuation

Start Date: 2006  Oct 4  Stop Date: 2006 Oct 4 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1997  Oct 9  Stop Date: 1997 Oct 18 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1996  Jun 16  Stop Date: 1996 Sep 1 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3

Tephra Volume:  4  x  106 m3

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1996  Mar 21 (on or before)

Eruption is UNCERTAIN

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  0

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Lava flow(s)  (?)

Start Date: 1995  Jan 11 (?) Stop Date: 1995 Nov 9 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3

Tephra Volume:  3.0  ±  2.0  x  107 m3

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Pyroclastic flow(s)
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Lava dome extrusion  (?)
    Damage (land, property, etc.)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1994  Feb 12  Stop Date: 1994 Apr 1 

Eruption is UNCERTAIN

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)  (?)

Start Date: 1992  Feb 8  Stop Date: 1992 Mar 6 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1991  Jul 5 (?) Stop Date: 1991 Jul 14 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1990  Jun 17  Stop Date: 1990 Sep 8 (on or before)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  0

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1990  Jan 7  Stop Date: 1990 Jan 26 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1989  Jul 1  Stop Date: 1989 Sep 20 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1988  Dec 8  Stop Date: 1989 Mar 5 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1988  Mar 20  Stop Date: 1988 May 25 ± 3 days

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1987  Aug 24  Stop Date: 1987 Aug 30 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1986  Feb 8  Stop Date: 1986 Feb 9 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1985  Nov 15  Stop Date: 1985 Nov 15 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1985  May 21 (on or before) Stop Date: 1985 Jun 9 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1984  Oct 25 (?) Stop Date: 1984 Dec 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1984  Apr 2  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1981  Oct 25 (?) Stop Date: 1982 Apr 12 ± 3 days

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1980  Oct 18  Stop Date: 1980 Nov 3 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1980  Jan 15 (?) Stop Date: 1980 Mar 27 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1979  Jun 30  Stop Date: 1979 Jul 15 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1977  Jul 16  Stop Date: 1979 Jan 17 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Tephra Volume:  5.5  ±  5.0  x  105 m3

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Pyroclastic flow(s)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1976  Sep 12 (on or before) Stop Date: 1976 Nov 22 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1976  Mar 6  Stop Date: 1976 Mar 6 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1975  Oct 17 (on or before) Stop Date: 1975 Oct 17 (on or before)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1975  Apr 24  Stop Date: 1975 Apr 27 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Pyroclastic flow(s)
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Damage (land, property, etc.)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1973  Oct 31  Stop Date: 1974 Oct 25 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1972  Oct 22  Stop Date: 1973 Jan 10 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1971  Apr 3  Stop Date: 1971 Nov 1 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Tephra Volume:  > 1  x  106 m3

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1970  Sep 16  Stop Date: 1970 Sep 17 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 1969  Jun 22  Stop Date: 1969 Jun 23 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Pyroclastic flow(s)
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Damage (land, property, etc.)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1968  Apr 6  Stop Date: 1968 Jun 10 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1967  Jul 22  Stop Date: 1967 Oct 4 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption  (?)
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1966  Apr 4  Stop Date: 1966 Sep 27 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1959  May 21  Stop Date: 1959 Aug 31 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption  (?)
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1956  Nov 18  Stop Date: 1956 Nov 18 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1952  Jul  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1951  Mar 19  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1950  Jun 26  Stop Date: 1950 Jun 26 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1948  May 1  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1946  Nov 21  Stop Date: 1947 May 31 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1946  Apr  Stop Date: 1946 Jun 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1945  Mar 8  Stop Date: 1945 Dec 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3

Lava Volume:  2  x  107 m3

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Lava dome extrusion
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1944  Oct  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1942  Aug 10  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1940  Apr  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1936  May 9 (?) Stop Date: 1936 May 13 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1934  Dec  Stop Date: 1935 Feb 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1934  Aug 11  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1925  Jan 22  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Damage (land, property, etc.)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1921  Oct  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1918  Jun 29  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1906  Mar 15  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1903  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1895  Mar 10  Stop Date: 1895 Mar 14 (on or after)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1889  May 1  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1861  May 16  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)  (?)
    Lava dome extrusion
    Damage (land, property, etc.)
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1210 ± 150 years Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Radiocarbon (uncorrected)

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3

Tephra Volume:  107 m3

Area of Activity: (Tf5 tephra layer)

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Crater lake eruption
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 5550 BC ± 1000 years Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Tephrochronology

Area of Activity: NE flank (Whakapapa)

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Flank (excentric) vent
    Explosive eruption
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 7590 BC ± 100 years Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Radiocarbon (uncorrected)

Area of Activity: North flank (Whakapapanui Gorge area)

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Flank (excentric) vent
    Explosive eruption  (?)
    Lava dome extrusion
    Debris avalanche(s)

Start Date: 7840 BC (in or before) Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Radiocarbon (uncorrected)

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  4

Tephra Volume:  2  x  108 m3

Area of Activity: Upper north flank (Pinnacle Ridge)

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Flank (excentric) vent
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 9650 BC (?)  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Tephrochronology

Area of Activity: (UT2 tephra)

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 9850 BC (?)  Stop Date: Unknown

Dating Technique: Radiocarbon (corrected)

Area of Activity: (UT1 tephra)

Eruptive Characteristics:
    Central vent eruption
    Explosive eruption

Global Volcanism Program — Department of Mineral Sciences — National Museum of Natural History — Smithsonian Institution

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