Global Volcanism Program | Tongariro

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Tongariro

Start Date: 1977 Jul 4	Stop Date: 1977 Jul 4
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1976 Aug 23	Stop Date: 1976 Aug 28
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1975 Feb 12	Stop Date: 1975 Feb 23
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Tephra Volume: 3.7 ± 0.3 x 10⁶ m³ Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s) Mudflow(s) (lahars)
Start Date: 1972 Nov 22	Stop Date: 1974 Aug 19
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s)
Start Date: 1972 Mar 19	Stop Date: 1972 Jun 6
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Phreatic explosion(s)
Start Date: 1969 Jan 21	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1968 Aug 18	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1962 May 24	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1959 Jun 1	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1958 Nov 5	Stop Date: 1958 Nov 18 (?)
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1956 Jan 11	Stop Date: 1956 Feb 11
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe (south sub-crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1954 May 13	Stop Date: 1955 Jun 25
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 3 Lava Volume: 6.1 x 10⁶ m³ Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe (south sub-crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s) Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 1953 Dec 28 (on or before)	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 0 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe (south sub-crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 1952 Nov 29	Stop Date: 1953 Jul
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe (south sub-crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1951 May	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1950 Jun 16	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1949 Feb 9	Stop Date: 1949 Mar 3
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: 5.8 x 10⁵ m³ Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe (south sub-crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s) Lava flow(s) Lava dome extrusion
Start Date: 1948 Sep	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1948 Apr 30	Stop Date: 1948 May
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1940 Sep	Stop Date: 1940 Oct
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1939 Aug	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1937 Jan	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1934 Dec	Stop Date: 1935 Feb
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1934 Jun	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1931 Feb	Stop Date: 1931 May
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1928 Jul	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1928 Mar 3	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1927
Eruption is UNCERTAIN Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1? Area of Activity: North flank (Ketetahi)	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Phreatic explosion(s) (?)
Start Date: 1926 Dec 21	Stop Date: 1926 Dec 30 (?)
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1926 Apr 16	Stop Date: 1926 Jun
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe and Red Crater	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1925 Nov	Stop Date: 1925 Dec
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1924 Oct	Stop Date: 1924 Nov
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1924 May 22	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1924 Jan 9	Stop Date: 1924 Jan 30
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1917 Oct	Stop Date: 1917 Nov
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1914 Sep	Stop Date: 1914 Oct
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1913 May	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1913 Jan	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1910 Oct	Stop Date: 1911 Jan
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1910 Jan	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1909 Mar	Stop Date: 1909 Jul
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1907 Nov	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1907 Feb	Stop Date: 1907 May
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe (south sub-crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1906 Mar	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1905	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1904 Nov 22	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1898 Jan	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1897	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1896 Nov	Stop Date: 1896 Dec 26 ± 5 days
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: NE flank (upper Te Mari Crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1892 Nov 30	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: NE flank (upper Te Mari Crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s) Damage (land, property, etc.)
Start Date: 1892 Nov	Stop Date: 1892 Dec
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1892 Feb	Stop Date: 1892 Mar
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1890 Mar
Eruption is UNCERTAIN Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: SSE flank (Red Crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Phreatic explosion(s) (?)
Start Date: 1886 Jun	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: NE flank (upper Te Mari Crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1885 ± 1 year	Stop Date: 1887
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1 Area of Activity: SSE flank (Red Crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Phreatic explosion(s)
Start Date: 1883 Apr 25 ± 5 days	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe (south sub-crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1881 Jul 6	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1878 Sep 1 ± 120 days	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe (NW sub-crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1875 Oct 1 ± 90 days
Eruption is UNCERTAIN Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption (?)
Start Date: 1870 Apr	Stop Date: 1870 Aug
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Lava Volume: > 8.7 x 10⁵ m³ Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe (NW sub-crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 1869 Aug	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1869	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: NE flank (Upper Te Mari Crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1864 Dec	Stop Date: 1865 Jan
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1863	Stop Date: 1864 Apr
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1862 Jan	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1859 Apr 21	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1? Area of Activity: SSE flank (Red Crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Phreatic explosion(s)
Start Date: 1857 Feb	Stop Date: 1857 Mar
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1855	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: SSE flank (Red Crater)	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1844 Oct	Stop Date: 1845 Jan
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1841	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 2 Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1839 Feb	Stop Date: 1839 Mar
Dating Technique: Historical Records Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 1? Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 1500 ± 50 years	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Tephrochronology Area of Activity: Upper Te Mari Craters	Eruptive Characteristics: Flank (excentric) vent Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 550 BC ± 200 years	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Radiocarbon (uncorrected) Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 5 Tephra Volume: 1.2 x 10⁹ m³ Area of Activity: Ngauruhoe and Red Crater	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Flank (excentric) vent Explosive eruption
Start Date: 9350 BC (?)	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Tephrochronology Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 5 Lava Volume: 2 x 10⁸ m³ Tephra Volume: 2.2 x 10⁹ m³ Area of Activity: Tama Lakes to Te Mari	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s) Lava flow(s)
Start Date: 9450 BC (?)	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Radiocarbon (corrected) Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 5 Tephra Volume: 1.7 x 10⁹ m³ Area of Activity: Saddle cone area to Half Cone	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Pyroclastic flow(s) Mudflow(s) (lahars)
Start Date: 9650 BC (?)	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Tephrochronology Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): 5 Tephra Volume: 1.6 x 10⁹ m³ Area of Activity: Saddle Cone to Half Cone	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption
Start Date: 9850 BC (?)	Stop Date: Unknown
Dating Technique: Radiocarbon (corrected)	Eruptive Characteristics: Central vent eruption Explosive eruption

Global Volcanism Program — Department of Mineral Sciences — National Museum of Natural History — Smithsonian Institution

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