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Volcanoes of Alaska

Data Sources

The following references are the sources used for data regarding volcanoes in this region. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.


Alaska Volcano Observatory Staff, 1990. The 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt volcano. Eos, Trans Amer Geophys Union, 71: 265-275

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2005-. Volcanoes. http://www.avo.alaska.edu/volcanoes.php

Anonymous, 1879. Volcanic phenomena and earthquakes during 1878. Nature, 20: 378-379

Athey J E, Newberry R J, Werdon M B, Freeman L K, Smith R L, Szumigala D J, 2006. Bedrock geologic map of the Liberty Bell area, Fairbanks A-4 Quadrangle, Bonnifield mining district, Alaska. Alaska Div Geol Geophys Surv Rpt Invest 2006-2, v. 1.0.1, 98 p, 1 sheet, scale 1:50,000

AVO, 2005-. Alaska Volcano Observatory. http://www.avo.alaska.edu/index.php

Barker J C, 1985. Sampling and analytical results of a reconnaissance in the Selawik Hills areas, northwestern Alaska. U S Bur Mines Open-File Rep, 43-85: 1-67

Barth T F W, 1956. Geology and petrology of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-F: 101-160

Becker G F, 1898. Reconnaissance of the gold fields of southern Alaska, with some notes on general geology. U S Geol Surv 18th Ann Rpt, Part 3: 13-14

Beget J E, Hopkins D M, Charron S D, 1996. The largest known maars on Earth, Seward Peninsula, northwest Alaska. Arctic, 49: 62-69

Beget J E, Kienle J, 1992. Cyclic formation of debris avalanches at Mount St. Augustine volcano. Nature, 356: 701-704

Beget J E, Kowalik Z, 2006. Confirmation and calibration of computer modeling of tsunamis produced by Augustine volcano, Alaska. Sci Tsunami Hazards, 24: 257-266

Beget J E, Larson J F, Neal C A, Nye C J, Schaefer J R, 2005. Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Okmok volcano, Umnak Island Alaska. Alaska Dept Nat Resour Div Geol Geophys Surv, Rep Invest, 2004-3: 1-32

Beget J E, Motyka R J, 1998. New dates on late Pleistocene dacitic tephra from the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field, southeastern Alaska. Quat Res, 49: 123-125

Beget J E, Nye C J, 1994. Postglacial eruption history of Mt. Redoubt, Alaska. J Volc Geotherm Res, 62: 31-54

Beget J E, Nye C J, Bean K W, 2000. Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Makushin volcano, Alaska. Alaska Div Geol Geophys Surv, Rpt Invest, 2000-4: 1-22

Beget J E, Nye C J, Schaefer J R, Stelling P L, 2003. Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Shishaldin volcano, Alaska. Alaska Dept Nat Resour Div Geol Geophys Surv, Rep Invest, 2002-4: 1-28

Beget J E, Stihler S D, Stone D B, 1994. A 500-year-long record of tephra falls from Mt. Redoubt and other volcanoes in upper Cook Inlet, Alaska. J Volc Geotherm Res, 62: 55-67

Beget J, Gardner C, Davis K, 2008. Volcanic tsunamis and prehistorical cultural transitions in Cook Inlet, Alaska. J Volc Geotherm Res, 176: 377-386

Benson C S, Motyka R J, 1979. Glacier - volcano interactions on Mt. Wrangell, Alaska. Univ Alaska Geophys Inst Ann Rpt, 1977-78: 1-25

Berg H C, Elliott R L, Koch R D, 1988. Geologic map of the Ketchikan and Prince Rupert quadrangles, southeastern Alaska. U S Geol Surv Map, I-1807, 1:250,000 scale and 27 p text

Bindeman I A, Fournelle J H, Valley J W, 2001. Low-delta 18O tephra from a compositionally zoned magma body: Fisher caldera, Unimak Island, Aleutians. J Volc Geotherm Res, 111: 35-53

Bonadonna C, Houghton B F, 2005. Total grain-size distribution and volume of tephra-fall deposits. Bull Volc, 67: 441-456

Bradley C C, 1948. Geologic notes on Adak Island and the Aleutian chain, Alaska. Amer J Sci, 246: 214-240

Brantley S R (ed), 1990. The eruptions of Redoubt volcano, Alaska December 14, 1989 - August 31, 1990. U S Geol Surv Circ, 1061: 1-33

Brew D A, Karl S M, Tobey E F, 1985. Re-interpretation of the age of the Kuiu-Etolin belt volcanic rocks, Kupreanof Island, southeastern Alaska. In: Bartsch-Winkler S, Reed K M (eds) The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: accomplishments during 1983, U S Geol Surv Circ, 945: 86-88

Brew D A, Muffler L J P, Loney R A, 1969. Reconnaissance geology of the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field, Kruzof Island, southeastern Alaska. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 650-D: 1-18

Brophy J G, 1987. The Cold Bay volcanic center, Aleutian volcanic arc. II. Implications for fractionation and mixing mechanism in calc-alkaline andesite genesis. Contr Mineral Petr, 97: 378-388

Buddington A F, Chapin T, 1929. Geology and mineral deposits of southeastern Alaska.. U S Geol Surv Bull, 800: 278-279

Burgisser A, 2005. Physical volcanology of the 2,050 BP caldera-forming eruption of Okmok caldera, Alaska. Bull Volc, 67: 497-525

Burk C A, 1965. Geology of the Alaska Peninsula-island arc and continental margin (Part 1). Geol Soc Amer Mem, 99: 1-250

Byers F M, 1959. Geology of Umnak and Bogoslof Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-L: 267-365

Byers F M, 1961. Petrology of three volcanic suites, Umnak and Bogoslof Islands, Aleutian Island, Alaska. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 72: 93-128

Byers F M, Barth T F W, 1953. Volcanic activity on Akun and Akutan Islands, Alaska. Proc 7th Pacific Sci Cong, 2: 382-397

Caplan-Auerbach J, McNutt S R , 2003. New insights into the 1999 eruption of Shishaldin volcano, Alaska, based on acoustic data. Bull Volc, 65: 405-417

Carson E C, Fournelle J H, Miller T P, Mickelson D M, 2002. Holocene tephrochonology of the Cold Bay area, southwest Alaska. Quat Sci Rev, 21: 2213-2228

Coats R R, 1950. Volcanic activity in the Aleutian Arc. U S Geol Surv Bull, 974-B: 35-47

Coats R R, 1951. Geology of Buldir Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 989-A: 1-26

Coats R R, 1956a. Geology of northern Adak Island, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-C: 47-66

Coats R R, 1956b. Geology of northern Kanaga Island, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-D: 69-81

Coats R R, 1956c. Reconnaissance geology of some western Aleutian islands, Alaska.. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-E: 83-100

Coats R R, 1959a. Geologic reconnaissance of Semisopochnoi Island western Aleutian Islands Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-O: 477-519

Coats R R, 1959b. Geologic reconnaissance of Gareloi Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-J: 249-256

Coats R R, Nelson W H, Lewis R Q, Powers H A, 1961. Geologic reconnaissance of Kiska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-R: 563-581

Collier A J, Hess F L, Smith P S, Brooks A H, 1908. The gold placer of parts of Seward Peninsula. U S Geol Surv Bull, 328: 103

Coombs M L, Eichelberger J C, Rutherford M J, 2000. Magma storage and mixing conditions for the 1953-1974 erputions of Southwest Trident volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska. Contr Mineral Petr, 140: 99-118

Coombs M L, McGimsey R G, Browne B L, 2007a. Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Tanaga volcanic cluster, Tanaga Island, Alaska. U S Geol Surv, Sci Invest Rpt, 2007-5094: 1-35

Coombs M L, White S M, Scholl D W, 2007b. Massive edifice failure at Aleutian arc volcanoes. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 256: 403-418

Coonrad W L, 1957. Geologic reconnaissance in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta region, Alaska.. U S Geol Surv Map, I-223, 1:500,000

Cox A, Hopkins D M, Dalrymple G B, 1966. Geomagnetic polarity epochs: Pribilof Islands, Alaska.. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 77: 883-910

Crosby W O, 1907. Volcanic activity in Alaska. Science, 24: 78

Curtis G H, 1968. The stratigraphy of the ejecta from the 1912 eruption of Mount Katmai and Novarupta, Alaska. Geol Soc Amer Mem, 116: 153-210

Dean K G, Dehn J, Papp K R, Smith S, Izbekov P, Peterson R, Kearney C, Steffke A, 2004. Integrated satellite observations of the 2001 eruption of Mt. Cleveland, Alaska. J Volc Geotherm Res, 135: 51-73

Decker R W, 1967. Investigations at active volcanoes. Eos, Trans Amer Geophys Union, 48: 639-647

Decker R W, 1971. Table of Active Volcanoes of the World. Unpublished 41 page table, compiled primarily from IAVCEI catalogs with revisions by many volcanologists

Dehn J, Dean K G, Engle K, Izbekov P, 2002. Thermal precursors in satellite images of the 1999 eruption of Shishaldin volcano. Bull Volc, 64: 525-534

Delong S E, Perfit M R, McCulloch M T, Ach J, 1985. Magmatic evolution of Semisopochnoi Island, Alaska: trace-element and isotopic constraints. J Geol, 93: 609-618

Detterman R L, 1968. Recent volcanic activity on Augustine Island, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 600-C: 126-129

Detterman R L, Wilson F H, Yount M E, Miller T P, 1987. Quaternary geologic map of the Ugashik, Bristol Bay, and western part of Karluk quadrangles, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Map, I-1801

Doroshin P, 1870. Some volcanoes, their eruptions, and earthquakes in the former Russian holdings in America. Verh Russ Kais Mineral Ges St Petersberg, Zweite Ser, p 25-44, (in Russian)

Dreher S T, Eichelberger J C, Larsen J F, 2005. The petrology and geochemistry of the Aniakchak caldera-forming ignmbrite, Aleutian Arc, Alaska. J Petr, 46: 1747-1763

Drewes H, Fraser G D, Snyder G L, Barnett H F, 1961. Geology of Unalaska Island and adjacent insular shelf, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-S: 583-676

Eichelberger J C, Keith T E C, Miller T P, Nye C J, 1995. The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr volcano, Alaska: chronology and summary. U S Geol Surv Bull, 2139: 1-18

Feeley T C, Winer G S, 2009. Volcano hazards and potential risks on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska. J Volc Geotherm Res, 182: 57-66

Fenner C N, 1930. Mount Katmai and Mount Mageik. Zeit Vulk, 13: 1-24

Fierstein J, 2007. Explosive eruptive record in the Katmai region, Alaska Peninsula: an overview. Bull Volc, 69: 469-509

Fierstein J, Hildreth W, 1992. The Plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska. Bull Volc, 54: 646-684

Fierstein J, Hildreth W, 2008. Kaguyak dome field and its Holocene caldera, Alaska Peninsula. J Volc Geotherm Res, 177: 301-312

Fierstein J, Houghton B F, Wilson C J N, Hildreth W, 1997. Complexities of plinian fall deposition at vent: an example from the 1912 Novarupta eruption (Alaska). J Volc Geotherm Res, 76: 215-227

Finch R H, 1934. Shishaldin volcano. Proc 5th Pacific Sci Cong, 3: 2369-2376

Foster H L, Forbes R B, Ragan D M, 1966. Granulite and peridotite inclusions from Prindle volcano, Yukon-Tanana Upland, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 550-B: 115-119

Fournelle J H, 1988. The geology and petrology of Shishaldin volcano, Unimak Island, Aleutian arc, Alaska. Unpublished PhD thesis, John Hopkins Univ, 507 p

Gardner C A, Cashman K V, Neal C A, 1998. Tephra-fall deposits from the 1992 eruption of Crater Peak, Alaska: implications of clast textures for eruptive processes. Bull Volc, 59: 537-555

Gardner C A, Neal C A, Waitt R B, Janda R J, 1994. Proximal pyroclastic deposits from the 1989-1990 eurption of Redoubt volcano Alaska--stratigraphy, distribution, and physical characteristics. J Volc Geotherm Res, 62: 213-250

Green J, Short N M, 1971. Volcanic Landforms and Surface Features: a Photographic Atlas and Glossary. New York: Springer-Verlag, 519 p

Gushchenko I I, 1979. Eruptions of Volcanoes of the World: A Catalog. Moscow: Nauka Pub, Acad Sci USSR Far Eastern Sci Center, 474 p (in Russian)

Hantke G, 1939a. Ubersicht uber die Vulkanische Tatigkeit vom Januar 1937 bis Marz 1938. Zeit Deut Geol Ges, 91: 160-168

Hantke G, 1951. Ubersicht uber die Vulkanische Tatigkeit 1941-1947. Bull Volc, 11: 161-208

Hantke G, 1953. Ubersicht uber die Vulkanische Tatigkeit 1948-1950. Bull Volc, 14: 151-180

Hantke G, 1955. Ubersicht uber die Vulkanische Tatigkeit 1951-1953. Bull Volc, 16: 71-114

Hantke G, 1959. Ubersicht uber die Vulkanische Tatigkeit 1954-1956. Bull Volc, 20: 3-36

Hantke G, 1962. Ubersicht uber die Vulkanische Tatigkeit 1957-1959. Bull Volc, 24: 321-348

Hedervari P, 1968. Volcanophysical investigations on the energetics of the Minoan eruption of volcano Santorin. Bull Volc, 32: 435-468

Henning R A, Rosenthal C H, Olds B, Reading E (eds), 1976. Alaska's volcanoes, northern link in the ring of fire. Alaska Geog, 4: 1-88

Hildreth W E, Fierstein J, Lanphere M A, Siems D F, 2001. Snowy Mountain: a pair of small andesite-dacite stratovolcanoes in Katmai National Park. In: Gough L P, Wilson F H (eds) Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1633: 13-34

Hildreth W, 1983. The compositionally zoned eruption of 1912 in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska. J Volc Geotherm Res, 18: 1-56

Hildreth W, 1987. New perspectives on the eruption of 1912 in the Valley of Ten Tousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska. Bull Volc, 49: 680-693

Hildreth W, 1991. The timing of caldera collapse at Mount Katmai in response to magma withdrawal toward Novarupta. Geophys Res Lett, 18: 1541-1544

Hildreth W, Fierstein J, 2000. Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 112: 1594-1620

Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Calvert A T, 2007. Blue Mountain and the Gas Rocks: rear-arc dome clusters on the Alaska Peninsula. In: Haeussler P J, Galloway J P (eds), Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey, U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1739-A: 1-27

Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Lanphere M A, Siems D F, 1999. Alogogshak volcano: a Pleistocene andesite-dacite stratovolcano in Katmai National Park. In: Kelly K D (ed), Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U. S. Geological Survey, 1997 U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1614: 105-113

Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Lanphere M A, Siems D F, 2000. Mount Mageik: a compound stratovolcano in Katmai National Park. In: Kelly K D, Gough L P (eds), Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U. S. Geological Survey, 1998 U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1615: 23-41

Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Lanphere M A, Siems D F, 2002. Mount Griggs: a compositionally distinctive Quaternary stratovolcano behind the main volcanic line in Katmai National Park. In: Wilson R H, Galloway J P (eds), Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U. S. Geological Survey, 2000 U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1662: 87-112

Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Lanphere M A, Siems D F, 2003a. Trident volcano: four contiguous stratocones adjacent to Katmai Pass, Alaska Peninsula. Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2001 U S Geol Surv Profl Pap, 1678: 153-180

Hildreth W, Lanphere M A, Fierstein J, 2003b. Geochronology and eruptive history of the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska Peninsula. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 214: 93-114

Hoare J M, Condon W H, Cox A, Dalrymple G B, 1968. Geology, paleomagnetism and potassium-argon ages of basalts [Nunivak Island]. Geol Soc Amer Mem, 116: 377-414

Holasek R E, Rose W I, 1991. Anatomy of 1986 Augustine volcano eruptions as recorded by multispectral image processing of digital AVHRR weather satellite data. Bull Volc, 53: 420-435

Holden E S, 1898. A catalogue of earthquakes on the Pacific Coast 1769 to 1897. Smithsonian Inst Misc Coll, no 1087

Houghton B F, Wilson C J N, Fierstein J, Hildreth W, 2004. Complex proximal deposition during the Plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Alaska. Bull Volc, 66: 95-133

Hubbard B R, 1931. World inside a mountain: Aniakchak, the new volcanic wonderland of the Alaska Peninsula, is explored. Natl Geog, 60: 319-345

Huggel C, Caplan-Auerbach J, Waythomas C F, Wessels R L, 2007. Monitoring and modeling ice-rock avalanches from ice-capped volcanoes: a case study of frequent large avalanches of Iliamna volcano, Alaska. J Volc Geotherm Res, 168: 114-136

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior.

Jacob K H, Hauksson E, 1983. A seismotectonic analysis of the seismic and volcanic hazards in the Pribilof Islands - Eastern Aleutian Islands Region of the Bering Sea. Lamont-Doherty Geol Observ Columbia Univ Ann Rpt NOAA 03--5-022-70: 1-224

Jaggar T A, 1927a. Three press reports. Volcano Lett, 108: 1

Jaggar T A, 1927b. The Aleutian Islands. Volcano Lett, 116: 1

Jaggar T A, 1927c. Eruption of Mageik in Alaska. Volcano Lett, 147: 1

Jaggar T A, 1930a. Recent activity of Bogoslof volcano. Volcano Lett, 275: 1-3

Jaggar T A, 1931d. St. Paul Island in the Pribilof Group. Volcano Lett, 335: 1-4

Jaggar T A, 1932a. Aleutian eruptions 1930-1932. Volcano Lett, 375: 1-3

Jicha B R, 2009. Holocene volcanic activity at Koniuji Island, Aleutians. J Volc Geotherm Res, 185: 214-222

Jicha B R, Singer B S, 2006. Volcanic history and magmatic evolution of Seguam Island, Aleutian Island arc, Alaska. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 118: 805-822

Johnson K E, Harmon R S, Richardson J M, Moorbath S, Strong D F, 1996. Isotope and trace element geochemistry of Augustine volcano, Alaska: implications for magmatic evolution. J Petr, 37: 95-115

Johnston D A, 1979. Volcanic gas studies at Alaskan volcanoes. U S Geol Surv Circ, 804-B: 83-84

Johnston D A, Detterman R L, 1979. Revision of the recent eruption history of Augustine volcano - elimination of the "1902 eruption". U S Geol Surv Circ, 804-B: 80-83

Jones A E, 1952. Aleutian volcanoes. Volcano Lett, 516: 8-9

Kamata H, Johnston D A, Waitt R B, 1991. Stratigraphy, chronology, and character of the 1976 pyroclastic eruption of Augustine volcano, Alaska. Bull Volc, 53: 407-419

Karl S M, Haeussler P J, McCafferty A, 1999. Reconnaissance geologic map of the Duncan Canal-Zarembo Island area, southeastern Alaska. U S Geol Surv Open-File Rpt, 99-168

Katsui Y (ed), 1971. List of the World Active Volcanoes. Volc Soc Japan draft ms, (limited circulation), 160 p

Kay S M, Kay R W, Citron G P, 1982. Tectonic controls on tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmatism in the Aleutian arc. J Geophys Res, 87: 4051-4072

Keller A S, Reiser H N, 1959. Geology of the Mt. Katmai Area, Alaska.. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1058-G: 264-268

Keller F, Meuschke J L, Alldredge L R, 1954. Aeromagnetic surveys in the Aleutian, Marshall, and Bermuda Islands. Eos, Trans Amer Geophys Union, 35: 558-572

Kennedy G C, Waldron H H, 1955. Geology of Pavlof volcano and vicinity Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1028-A: 1-18

Kienle J, Forbes R B, 1976. Augustine: evolution of a volcano. Alaska Univ Geophys Inst 1975-76 Ann Rpt, p 26-48

Kienle J, Kowalik Z, Murty T S, 1987. Tsunamis generated by eruptions from Mount St. Augustine volcano, Alaska. Science, 236: 1442-1447

Kienle J, Kyle P R, Self S, Motyka R J, Lorenz V, 1980. Ukinrek Maars, Alaska, I. April 1977 eruption sequence, petrology and tectonic setting. J Volc Geotherm Res, 7: 11-37

Kienle J, Swanson S E, 1980. Volcanic hazards from future eruptions of Augustine volcano, Alaska. Univ Alaska Geophys Inst, UAG R-275, 122 p

Kienle J, Swanson S E, 1983. Volcanism in the eastern Aleutian Arc: late Quaternary and Holocene centers, tectonic setting and petrology. J Volc Geotherm Res, 17: 393-432

Kosco D G, 1981. The Mt. Edgecumbe volcanic field, Alaska: an example of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanism. J Geol, 89: 459-478

Lamb D, Linneman S R, Myers J D, Nicolaysen K E, 1992. Caldera formation on Yunaska Island, central Aleutian arc (abs). Eos, Trans Amer Geophys Union, 73: 645

Lamb H H, 1970. Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance. Phil Trans Roy Soc London, Ser A, 266: 425-533

Larsen J F, Neal C, Neal C, Schaefer J, Beget J, Nye C, 2007. Late Pleistocene and Holocene caldera-forming eruptions of Okmok caldera, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. In: Eichelberger J, Gordeev E, Izbekov P, Kasahara M, Lees J (eds), Volcanism and Subduction: the Kamchatka Region, Amer Geophys Union Geophys Monograph, 172: 343-364

Latter J H, 1975b. The history and geography of active and dormant volcanoes. A worldwide catalogue and index of active and potentially active volcanoes, with an outline of their eruptions.. Unpublished manuscript, unpaginated

Lerbekmo J F, Campbell F A, 1969. Distribution, Composition, and Source of the White River Ash, Yukon Territory.. Can J Earth Sci, 6: 109-116

Lerbekmo J F, Westgate J A, Smith D G W, Denton G H, 1975. New data on the character and history of the White River volcanic eruption, Alaska. In: Suggate R P and Cresswell M M (eds) Quaternary Studies, Wellington: Roy Soc New Zeal, p 203-209

Lu Z, Mann D, Freymueller J, 1998. Satellite radar interferometry measures deformation at Okmok volcano. Eos, Trans Amer Geophys Union, 79: 461-468

Marsh B D, Leitz R E, 1979. Geology of Amak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. J Geol, 87: 715-723

Mauk F J, Kienle J, 1973. Microearthquakes at St. Augustine volcano, Alaska, triggered by Earth tides. Science, 182: 386-389

McGimsey R B, Neal C A, 1996. 1995 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. U S Geol Surv, Open-File Rpt, 96-738: 1-23

McGimsey R G, Neal C A, 1997. 1996 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. U S Geol Surv, Open-File Rpt, 97-433: 1-34

McGimsey R G, Neal C A, Dixon J P, 2007. 2005 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. U S Geol Surv, Open-File Rpt, 20075269: 1-93

McGimsey R G, Neal C A, Girina O, 2003. 1998 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. U S Geol Surv, Open-File Rpt, 03-0423: 1-35

McGimsey R G, Neal C A, Girina O, 2004. 1999 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. U S Geol Surv Open-File Rpt, 2004-1033: 1-45

McGimsey R G, Neal C A, Girina O, 2004. 2001 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. U S Geol Surv, Open-File Rpt, 2004-1453: 1-53

McGimsey R G, Neal C A, Girina O, 2005. 2003 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. U S Geol Surv, Open-File Rpt, 2005-1310: 1-58

McGimsey R G, Richter D H, DuBois G D, Miller T P, 1992. A postulated new source for the White River Ash, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1999: 212-218

McGimsey R G, Wallace K L, 1999. 1997 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. U S Geol Surv, Open-File Rpt, 99-448: 1-42

McGimsey R G, Waythomas C F, Neal C A, 1994. High strand and catastrophic draining of intracaldera Surprise Lake, Aniakchak volcano, Alaska. In: Till A B, Moore T E (eds) Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U. S. Geological Survey in 1993, U S Geol Surv Bull 2017: 59-71

McNutt S R, 1987. Eruption characteristics and cycles at Pavlof volcano, Alaska, and their relation to regional earthquake activity. J Volc Geotherm Res, 31: 239-267

McNutt S R, 1989. Some seismic precursors to eruptions at Pavlof volcano, Alaska, October 1973 - April 1986. In: Latter J H (ed) Volcanic Hazards. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1: 463-485

McNutt S R, Beavan R J, 1987. Eruptions of Pavlof volcano and their possible modulation by ocean load and tectonic stresses. J Geophys Res, 92: 11,509-11,523

McNutt S R, Davis C M, 2000. Lightning associated with the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr volcano, Alaska. J Volc Geotherm Res, 102: 45-65

McNutt S R, Miller T P, Taber J J, 1991. Geological and seismological evidence of increased explosivity during the 1986 eruptions of Pavlof volcano, Alaska. Bull Volc, 53: 86-98

Melekestsev I V, Miller T P, 1997. On the origin of the 1645 B.C. oxygen peak in the Greenland ice sheet. Volc Seism, 19: 163-166 (English translation)

Mendenhall W C, 1903. The Wrangell Mountains, Alaska. Natl Geog, 14: 395-407

Mendenhall W C, 1905. Geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska.. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap, 41: 54-62

Mertie J B, 1931. A geologic reconnaissance of the Dennison Fork District, Alaska.. U S Geol Surv Bull, 827: 39-40

Meyer D F, Trabant D C, 1995. Lahars from the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr volcano, Alaska. U S Geol Surv Bull, 2139: 183-198

Miller T P, 1984. Two-stage volcanism at the Ugashik-Peulik volcanic center, Alaska Peninsula (abs). Geol Soc Amer Abs Prog, 16: 322

Miller T P, 1994. Dome growth and destruction during the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt volcano. J Volc Geotherm Res, 62: 197-212

Miller T P, 1999. Newly identified early Holocene caldera-forming druption from Roundtop volcano, Unimak Island, Alaska. Eos, Trans Amer Geophys Union, 1999 Fall Mtg, abs V51B-17

Miller T P, 2004. Geology of the Ugashik-Mount Peulik volcanic center, Alaska. U S Geol Surve Open-File Rpt, 2004-1009: 1-19

Miller T P, Chertkoff D G, Eichelberger J C, Coombs M L, 1999. Mount Dutton volcano, Alaska: Aleutian arc analog to Unzen volcano, Japan. J Volc Geotherm Res, 89: 275-301

Miller T P, Chouet B A, 1994. The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt volcano: an introduction. J Volc Geotherm Res, 61: 1-10

Miller T P, McGimsey R G, Richter D H, Riehle J R, Nye C J, Yount M E, Dumoulin J A, 1998. Catalogue of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska. U S Geol Surv Open-File Rpt, 98-582: 1-104

Miller T P, Neal C A, Waitt R B, 1995. Pyroclastic flows of the 1992 Crater Peak eruptions: distribution and origin. U S Geol Surv Bull, 2139: 81-87

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