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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Booth B, Croasdale R, Walker G P L, 1978. A quantitative study of five thousand years of volcanism on Sao Miguel, Azores. {Phil Trans Roy Soc London}, Ser A, 288: 271-319

Cole P D, Guest J E, Queiroz G, Wallenstein N, Pacheco J-M, Gaspar J L, Ferreira T, Duncan A M, 1999. Styles of volcanism and volcanic hazards on Furnas volcano, Sao Miguel, Azores. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 92: 39-53

Cole P D, Queiroz G, Wallenstein N, Gaspar J L, Duncan A M, Guest J E, 1995. A historic subplinian/phreatomagmatic eruption: the 1630 AD eruption of Furnas volcano, Sao Miguel, Azores. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 69: 117-135

Duncan A M, Queiroz G, Guest J E, Cole P D, Wallenstein N, Pacheco J M, 1999. The Povoacao Ignimbrite, Furnas volcano, Sao Miguel, Azores. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 92: 55-65

Ferreira T, Oskarsson N, 1999. Chemistry and isotopic composition of fumarole discharges of Furnas caldera. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 92: 169-179

Guest J E, Gaspar J L, Cole P D, Queiroz G, Duncan A M, Wallenstein N, Ferreira T, Pacheco J-M, 1999. Volcanic geology of Furnas volcano, Sao Miguel, Azores. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 92: 1-29

Martins J A, 1982. Excursion guide for field trip V1, Island of Sao Miguel. {Proc Internatl Symp Activity Oceanic Volc, Archipelago Univ Azores}, 3: 315-328

Moore R B, 1990. Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, Sao Miguel, Azores. {Bull Volc}, 52: 602-614

Moore R B, 1991. Geologic map of Sao Miguel, Azores. {U S Geol Surv Map}, I-2007

Neumann van Padang M, Richards A F, Machado F, Bravo T, Baker P E, Le Maitre R W, 1967. Atlantic Ocean. {Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields}, Rome: IAVCEI, 21: 1-128

Newhall C G, Dzurisin D, 1988. Historical unrest at large calderas of the world. {U S Geol Surv Bull}, 1855: 1108 p, 2 vol

Zbyszewski G, Moitinho de Almeida F, Veiga Ferreira O da, Torre de Assuncao C, 1958. Geologic map of Sao Miguel (Azores). {Servicos Geologicos Portugal}, two 1:50,000 scale maps with 22 and 37 p texts (in Portuguese)

Furnas volcano lies at the eastern end of Sao Miguel Island, immediately west of the older Nordeste shield volcano and its Povoaçao caldera. Furnas contains at least two calderas, a younger one that is 6-km wide and a larger older one that is less topographically distinct. The eastern wall of the 500-m-deep caldera of Furnas overlaps the western wall of the Povoaçao caldera of Nordeste volcano. Volcanic activity at Furnas dates back about 100,000 years. At least 11 trachytic pumice layers, all erupted during the past 5000 years, post-date the caldera. The most prominent post-caldera feature is the Pico do Gaspar lava dome, east of the Lagoa das Furnas caldera lake. A zone of late-Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic-to-trachytic cinder cones and lava domes is located between Furnas and Agua de Pau volcanoes. Two historical eruptions have occurred at Furnas, one sometime between 1439 and 1443 and the other in 1630. The latter was one of the largest Holocene explosive eruptions in the Azores and caused significant damage and fatalities.