Global Volcanism Program

Based on a pilot observation and analyses of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 18 July an ash plume from Ubinas drifted NE. A subsequent report about 12 hours later stated that no further activity was seen.

Available Weekly Reports

14 July 2010 Back to Top

Based on a pilot observation and analyses of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 18 July an ash plume from Ubinas drifted NE. A subsequent report about 12 hours later stated that no further activity was seen.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 August 2009 Back to Top

Based on a pilot observation, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an emission from Ubinas was seen on 23 August. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 August 2009 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET notice, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an emission from Ubinas was seen on 15 August. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 July 2009 Back to Top

Based on a pilot observation, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 4 July an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 6.7-9.1 km (22,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 June 2009 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET notices and analysis of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 11 and 13-15 June eruptions from Ubinas produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 5.5-7.9 km (18,000-26,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted NE, E, and SE. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery on 13 June.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 June 2009 Back to Top

Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 5 June plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 6.1-6.7 km (20,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and S. A pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. On 6 and 9 June, plumes seen on satellite imagery rose to altitudes of 6.1-7.6 km (20,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S and NE, respectively.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 May 2009 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET notices, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 29 and 31 May eruptions from Ubinas produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.7 km (18,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and SW. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery on 31 May. INGEMMET reported on 1 June a bluish gas plume with some ash content. On 2 June, an explosion was detected and gas-and-ash plumes that rose 0.9-1.5 km drifted E.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET)

20 May 2009 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET notices, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 20 May an eruption of Ubinas produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery. According to a news article, two explosions were detected on 25 May. Gas emissions impacted local residents and their fields, prompting residents to request government assistance.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Peru.com

13 May 2009 Back to Top

Based on pilot observations, analysis of satellite imagery, and SIGMET notices, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 15-19 May ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7.6 km (18,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, NW, and SSE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 March 2009 Back to Top

Based on pilot observations, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that a plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l. on 18 March. Ash was not identified in satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 March 2009 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET notice and analysis of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 11-12 March ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7.3 km (18,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. A SIGMET notice described an ash plume that rose to altitudes of 9.1-9.8 km (30,000-32,000 ft) a.s.l. on 15 March; ash was not identified in satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 March 2009 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET notice and analysis of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 4 March an ash plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 5.8 km (19,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 February 2009 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET notice and a pilot observation, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 23 February an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 6.2-7.6 km (20,500-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. Ash was not seen on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 February 2009 Back to Top

INGEMMET reported that although cloud cover occasionally prevented visual observations of Ubinas, steam and steam-and-ash plumes were seen during 11-16 February and rose to altitudes of 5.7-6.5 km (18,700-21,300 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted NE, N, W, and SW.

Sources: Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET)

28 January 2009 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET notice, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 31 January an ash plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Ash was not seen on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 January 2009 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET notice, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 11 January an ash plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

31 December 2008 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET notice, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 5 January an ash plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

26 November 2008 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET notice, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 30 November an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 October 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET notices, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 31 October ash plumes were continuously emitted from Ubinas and rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.7 km (18,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted E.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 October 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET notices, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 22 October ash plumes were continuously emitted from Ubinas and rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.7 km (18,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted S.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

15 October 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET notices and pilot observations, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 15, 18, 20, and 21 October ash plumes were continuously emitted from Ubinas and rose to altitudes of 4.9-7 km (16,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted SE and NW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 October 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET notices, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 11-13 October ash plumes were continuously emitted from Ubinas and rose to altitudes of 5.5-7 km (18,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted SE and W.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 October 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 1 and 3 October ash plumes were continuously emitted from Ubinas and rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted N and NE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 September 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 30 September ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-8.8 km (18,000-29,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SSE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 September 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 17 September ash plumes from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 10.1 km (33,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. The next day, ash plumes rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.4 km (18,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 September 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 10 and 13-15 September ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-10.1 km (18,000-33,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, S, SE, E, and NE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 September 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports and pilot observations, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 5-6 September ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.4 km (18,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 August 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, analysis of satellite imagery, and pilot observations, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 26-27 August and on 2 September continuous ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted N on 27 August and S on 2 September.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 August 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports and pilot observations, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 18 August ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.4 km (18,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 July 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-5.8 km (18,000-19,000 ft) a.s.l. on 23 July and drifted SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 July 2008 Back to Top

Ash advisories issued by the Buenos Aires VAAC, based on SIGMET notices, indicated ash plumes on 9, 10, and 15 July rising to 5.5-5.8 km (18-19,000 ft) a.s.l. and moving E.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 July 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-5.8 km (18,000-19,000 ft) a.s.l. on 7 July and drifted NE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 June 2008 Back to Top

According to a news articles on 30 June, the Alert level for Ubinas continued at Yellow because small explosions and ash-and-gas emissions continued during the previous two months. Inhabitants of local communities and their livestock have suffered the effects of gas and ash emissions. Local authorities have begun discussion of the potential relocation of about 650 affected families.

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-120,000 ft) a.s.l. on 26 June. The plume drifted NE and was not observed on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , La República , Perú 21

18 June 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-5.8 km (18,000-19,000 ft) a.s.l. on 18 June and altitudes of 5.5-7.6 km (18,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. on 22 June. The plumes drifted S, SE, and NE and were not observed on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 June 2008 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET report, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 13 June an ash plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 June 2008 Back to Top

Based on a SIGMET report and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 7 June an ash plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 May 2008 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, SIGMET reports, and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 28-29 May ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and SE. An ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SSW on 3 June.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 May 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 22-24 May ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 4.9-7.9 km (16,000 and 26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, E, NE, and SE. On 26 May, a pilot reported that a plume rose to an altitude of km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SSE. The plume was also identified on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 May 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 5.5 and 8.5 km (18,000 and 28,000 ft) a.s.l. on 15 and 19 May, respectively. The plumes drifted E and SW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 May 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports and pilot observations, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7 km (18,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. on 9 and 12 May. Plumes drifted E and SE, respectively.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 April 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-9.1 km (18,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE during 30 April-3 May. According to news articles, an ash-and-gas plume rose to an altitude of 6.2 km (20,300 ft) a.s.l. on 2 May. Ashfall was reported in local communities and dozens of residents of Querapi, about 4.5 km SE, were evacuated.

Sources: Associated Press , Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , NBC News

23 April 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET reports and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-9.1 km (18,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and S on 23 April.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 April 2008 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, SIGMET reports, and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7.6 km (18,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ESE and NE during 19-22 April.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 April 2008 Back to Top

Based on SIGMET advisories, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7 km (18,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ENE on 15 April.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 April 2008 Back to Top

Based on pilot observations, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.7 km (18,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E on 6 April.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

26 March 2008 Back to Top

Based on pilot observations, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 3.7-6.7 km (12,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. on 26 March and 1 April. The plumes drifted SW and NW, respectively.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 March 2008 Back to Top

Based on pilot observations, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N on 17 March.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 March 2008 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and SW on 9 March.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 February 2008 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE on 2 March.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 February 2008 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-8.5 km (18,000-28,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE on 23 February.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 December 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7 km (18,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and SW during 24-25 December.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 December 2007 Back to Top

Based on Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories and pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas drifted NW during 11-12 December.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 December 2007 Back to Top

Based on Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories and pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-8.5 km (18,000-28,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NE during 4-7 and 10 December.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 November 2007 Back to Top

Based on a pilot report and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 6.7-7.6 km (22,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and NE during 28-29 November.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 November 2007 Back to Top

Based on Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.7 km (18,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. during 11-12 November. Plumes drifted NNE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

31 October 2007 Back to Top

Based on Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7.6 km (18,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. during 1 and 3-6 November. Plumes drifted NE and SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 October 2007 Back to Top

Based on a Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisory, pilot reports, and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-8.5 km (18,000-28,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and NE during 23-27 October.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 October 2007 Back to Top

Based on a Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisory, pilot reports, and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7.3 km (18,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and NE during 19-20 and 22-23 October.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 October 2007 Back to Top

Based on a Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisory and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7.6 km (18,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NNE, SE, and ESE during 11-13 and 15 October

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 October 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.4 km (18,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E on 12 and 20 September. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 September 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.4 km (18,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E on 12 and 20 September. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 September 2007 Back to Top

Based on observations of satellite imagery and a pilot report, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that eruption plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.7 km (18,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE on 12 and 14 September.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 September 2007 Back to Top

Based on observations of satellite imagery and a pilot report, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an eruption plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7.6 km (18,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE on 11 September.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 August 2007 Back to Top

Based on satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an eruption plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE on 9 August.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 July 2007 Back to Top

Based on a Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisory, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 5.8 km (19,000 ft) a.s.l. on 23 and 25 July. The plumes drifted SE and S, respectively. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery. On 24 July, a diffuse plume was visible on satellite imagery at an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 July 2007 Back to Top

Based on a Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisory, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE on 22 July. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 July 2007 Back to Top

Based on a Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisory, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude between 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S on 4 July. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 June 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot observations and Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that Ubinas produced ash plumes during 27-28 June to altitudes of 5.5-7 km (18,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted SW, NE, and E. A diffuse ash plume was visible on satellite imagery on 2 July.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 June 2007 Back to Top

Based on observations from satellite imagery and Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 13-17 June continuous emissions from Ubinas produced ash plumes to altitudes of 5.8-6.7 km (19,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted NNE, E, SE, SW, and W.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 June 2007 Back to Top

Based on Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 12 June an ash plume from Ubinas rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 May 2007 Back to Top

Based on observations from satellite imagery and Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 30 May-3 June and on 6 June ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 3.7-7.6 km (12,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted NE, ESE, and SSE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 May 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, observations from satellite imagery, and Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET) advisories, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that during 22-28 May ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7.3 km (18,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted NE, E, and ESE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 May 2007 Back to Top

INGEMMET reported that during 16-17 May, ash and gas plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.8-7.7 km (19,000-25,300 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, SE, and E. Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that continuous emissions produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 5.6-9.1 km (18,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. during 17 and 19-22 May. Plumes drifted ESE, SE, and E.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET)

9 May 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 12 and 15 May ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-8.2 km (18,000-27,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and N, respectively.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 May 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-9.1 km (18,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. during 2-5 May. Plumes drifted NE, S, SE, and SW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 April 2007 Back to Top

Based on satellite imagery and pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7 km (18,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. on 26, 29, and 30 April, and 1 May. Plumes drifted E and SS

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 April 2007 Back to Top

INGEMMET reported that on 18 April, explosions from Ubinas produced gas and ash plumes to altitudes of 5.9-7.7 km (19,400-25,300 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted SW. Based on significant meteorological (SIGMET) notices, satellite imagery, and pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 5.5-7 km (18,000-28,000 ft) a.s.l. on 17, 18, 22, and 24 April. Plumes drifted NW, SW, and SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET)

11 April 2007 Back to Top

Based on a significant meteorological notice (SIGMET), the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-7 km (26,000-27,000 ft) a.s.l. on 10 April and drifted W. INGEMMET reported that on 11 April, emissions of gas and ash produced plumes to altitudes of 6.2-6.4 km (20,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Based on an additional SIGMET, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to altitudes of 6.1-6.4 km (20,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET)

4 April 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and a significant meteorological notice (SIGMET), the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to 5.5-7 km (18,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. during 5 and 7-9 April. Plumes drifted E, SE, S, and SW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 March 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash cloud from Ubinas rose to 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. on 30 March and drifted E. According to a news article, local residents observed rockfalls and reported ashfall. A scientist from the Geological, Mining, and Metallurgic Institute (INGEMMET) reported that the eruption was the largest in a two-week period characterized by an increased rate of explosions. A diffuse ash plume was visible on satellite imagery on 3 April drifting NE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Living in Peru

14 March 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash cloud from Ubinas rose to 5.5-6.4 km (18,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. on 14 March and drifted SW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 March 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 11 March. Ash plumes rose to 5.5-6.1 km (18,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 February 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 21 February. Ash plumes rose to 5.5-6.7 km (18,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 February 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas during 18-20 February. Ash plumes rose to 5.5-7 km (18,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

31 January 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 2 and 5 February. Ash plumes rose to 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and S, respectively.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 January 2007 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 28 January. Ash plumes rose to 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 January 2007 Back to Top

Based on satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 18 January. The resultant plumes drifted SW.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 December 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 27 and 30 December. Ash plumes rose to 4.9-8.5 km (16,000-28,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 November 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 2 December. Ash plumes rose to 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 November 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 25 November. Ash plumes rose to 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

15 November 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas during 15-16 November. The plumes rose to 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 November 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas during 9-11 and 13 November. Ash plumes rose to 5.5-7.3 km (18,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SW, NW, and NE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 November 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 3, 5, and 7 November. Ash plumes rose to 6.1-7.9 km (20,000-26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, N, and S, respectively.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 October 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 25, 27-28, and 30-31 October. The plumes rose to 5.5-8.5 km (18,000-28,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, SW, and W.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 October 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions from Ubinas on 17, 19, 21, and 23-24 October. The plumes rose to 5.5-6.4 km (18,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, SW, E, and N.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 October 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emission of ash plumes from Ubinas during 12-17 October. The plumes rose to 4.9-6.7 km (16,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, E, and N.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 October 2006 Back to Top

Based on satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC issued an aviation ash advisory for Ubinas on 5 October. The continuous ash emissions reached altitudes of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 September 2006 Back to Top

Aviation ash advisories for Ubinas, based on pilot reports, were issued by the Buenos Aires VAAC on 27, 28, and 30 September, and 1 October. The reports indicated continuous ash emissions.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 September 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC issued aviation ash advisories for Ubinas on 24 and 25 September. The continuous ash emissions were rising as high as 9 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SSE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 September 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emission of ash plumes from Ubinas on 13 September. The plumes rose to altitudes of 4.9 km (16,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 September 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emission of ash plumes from Ubinas during 5, 9, and 11 September. The plumes rose to altitudes of ~4.9-5.5 km (~16,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and E.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 August 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions of ash plumes from Ubinas during 30 August-1 September and on 4 September. The plumes reached altitudes of ~4.9-5.5 km (~16,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 August 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions of ash plumes from Ubinas during 23-29 August. The plumes reached altitudes of 4.9-7.6 km (16,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, SE, and S.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 August 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported continuous emissions of ash plumes from Ubinas during 17-21 August. The plumes reached altitudes of ~5.5-7.9 km (~18,000-26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, SE, and S.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 August 2006 Back to Top

According to the Buenos Aires VAAC, during 8-13 August pilots reported that ash plumes emitted from Ubinas reached altitudes of between 4.9 and 5.5 km (16,000 ft-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted generally N, E, and S. Ash was also visible on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 August 2006 Back to Top

According to the Buenos Aires VAAC, during 1-8 August pilots reported that ash plumes emitted from Ubinas reached altitudes of between 4.6 km to 6.7 km (15,000 ft-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted generally NE and SW. Ash was visible on satellite imagery on 4 and 6 August.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 July 2006 Back to Top

According to the Buenos Aires VAAC, a pilot reported that ash plumes from Ubinas during 22-24 July reached altitudes of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. Ash plumes were visible on satellite imagery.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 July 2006 Back to Top

According to the Buenos Aires VAAC, ash clouds from Ubinas were visible on satellite imagery during 14-15 July and reached altitudes of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. On 17 July, a pilot reported ash clouds that also reached altitudes of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 July 2006 Back to Top

According to the Buenos Aires VAAC, a pilot reported that ash plumes from Ubinas on 8 and 9 July reached altitudes of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. Ash plumes were visible on satellite imagery during 8-10 July.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 June 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, ash clouds identified from Ubinas on 28 June reached altitudes of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 June 2006 Back to Top

Based on pilot reports, ash clouds identified from Ubinas during 9-11 June reached altitudes of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SW. According to news articles, approximately 550 families were evacuated on 10 and 11 June.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Living in Peru

31 May 2006 Back to Top

On 3 June, the Alert Level for Ubinas was increased to Orange due to heightened explosive activity. During 31 May to 5 June, ash plumes reached altitudes of 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, SE, and S. According to a news report, on 5 June, officials in S Perú prepared to evacuate approximately 480 families.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Dominican Today

24 May 2006 Back to Top

According to a pilot report, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that an ash plume from Ubinas on 24 May reached an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. On 25 May, an ash plume reached an altitude of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. On 30 May, an ash plume visible on satellite imagery reached an altitude of 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 May 2006 Back to Top

Based on information from significant meteorological advisories (SIGMET) and pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash emitted from Ubinas during 20-23 May rose to a maximum height of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 May 2006 Back to Top

Based on information from significant meteorological advisories (SIGMET) and pilot reports, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash emitted from Ubinas during 9-11 and 13-14 May rose to a maximum height of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 May 2006 Back to Top

Based on information from significant meteorological advisories (SIGMET), the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash emitted from Ubinas during 4-8 May rose to a maximum height of ~6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

26 April 2006 Back to Top

According to INGEMMET, on 22 April at 0715 an explosion began at Ubinas that produced an ash-and-gas plume that reached a height between 1 and 3 km above the volcano (or 21,900 and 28,450 ft a.s.l.). This was the highest rising plume since activity began in late March. Continuous emissions occurred until 1600. Ash and gas emitted during 20-22 April traveled as far as 60 km from the volcano mainly NW, W, and SW, and traces of ash reached the Arequipa airport. During 25 and 26 April, the volume of ash emitted from the volcano decreased significantly. Gas plumes rose between 200 and 700 m above the volcano's caldera (or 19,300 and 20,900 ft a.s.l.). The Alert Level was reduced from Orange to Yellow. Seismicity during 22-26 April was higher than normal. The Buenos Aires VAAC posted volcanic ash advisories during the report period.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET)

19 April 2006 Back to Top

INGEMMET reported that gas and ash was emitted from Ubinas from 27 March to at least 19 April. On 13 April, ash emissions increased noticeably in comparison to the previous days, with ashfall in the villages of Ubinas, Querapi, and Sacuaya, and as far as 7 km from the volcano. Acid rain was also noted in these villages, particularly between 1400 and 1600 on 14 April. Explosions on 13 and 14 April were heard in nearby villages. At this time, the Alert Level at the volcano was Yellow. On the 19th, a lava dome was observed on the crater floor for the first time. It was incandescent, 60 m in diameter, and 4 m high. Explosions were heard as far as 6 km from the volcano and a plume composed of ash and lava fragments rose ~ 3 km above the volcano (or 28,450 ft a.s.l.). Plumes lasted for 6-7 hours and hazard statements suggested significant danger within 4 km of the crater. The Alert Level was raised to Orange. The Buenos Aires VAAC released volcanic ash advisory statements during the report period.

According to news reports, as of 19 April at least 1,000 people living N of the volcano suffered respiratory problems, dozens of livestock died and many more were ill after eating ash-covered grass, and water sources were polluted with ash. Dozens of people from Querapi, the town closest to the volcano, began to evacuate on 21 April. On 22 April, officials declared a state of emergency for the area near the volcano and sent aid for evacuees.

Sources: Agence France-Presse (AFP) , Associated Press , Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) , Reuters

12 April 2006 Back to Top

A significant meteorological forecast (SIGMET) was issued on 15 April for an ash cloud from Ubinas at a height of 6.1-7.3 km (20,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l., and later that day for a cloud at 6.1-9.1 km (20,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. The Aviation Color Code was Red until 16 April when the Buenos Aires VAAC received a report that activity had ceased. According to a news report on 18 April, however, officials urged residents the town of Querapi ~5 km from the volcano to evacuate.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) , Reuters

5 April 2006 Back to Top

Based on information from the Perúvian Volcanologic Observatory, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash emitted from Ubinas reached 6.1-9.1 km (20,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. on 6 April around 1220. No ash was visible on satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code for the volcano was at Red, the highest level. At 1900 on the 6th a plume was observed at 6.1-7.3 km (20,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NE. The Aviation Color Code was subsequently reduced to Orange. On 8 April the VAAC received a report that volcanic activity had ceased, so the Aviation Color Code was reduced to Green, the lowest level. On the 9th, a significant meteorological forecast (SIGMET) was issued for an ash cloud at a height of 6.1-7.3 km (20,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. that was drifting SW. The Aviation Color Code was increased to Red until 11 April. On the 11th volcanic activity reportedly ceased, so the code was again decreased to Green.

Sources: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 March 2006 Back to Top

Increased fumarolic activity occurred at Ubinas during the end of March. A Universidad de San Agustin scientist who visited the volcano on 31 March found strong steam-and-ash emissions occurring. Also, leaves of nearby crops were burned and a sound similar to a jet engine emanated from the vent area.

Sources: US Geological Survey Volcano Disaster Assistance Program , Victor Aguilar, Universidad de San Agustin, Perú

Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

Start Date (mm/dd/yyyy)

Stop Date (mm/dd/yyyy)

VEI

7/18/2010

1

3/25/2006

7/4/2009

2

6/0/1969

0/0/

2

5/0/1956

10/21/1956

2

7/23/1951

0/0/

2

6/0/1937

0/0/

2

0/0/1907

0/0/

2

10/0/1906

0/0/

2

10/0/1869

0/0/

2

5/24/1867

5/28/1867

2

0/0/1865

0/0/

2

0/0/1862

0/0/

2

0/0/1830

0/0/

2

0/0/1826

0/0/

0/0/1784

0/0/

2

0/0/1677

0/0/

3

0/0/1667

0/0/

3

0/0/1662

0/0/

3

0/0/1600

0/0/

2

0/0/1550

0/0/

3

0/0/1080

0/0/

5

0/0/-6850

0/0/

0/0/-8560

0/0/

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Bullard F M, 1962. Volcanoes of Southern Peru. {Bull Volc}, 24: 443-453

de Silva S L, Francis P W, 1990. Potentially active volcanoes of Peru - observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery. {Bull Volc}, 52: 286-301

de Silva S L, Francis P W, 1991. {Volcanoes of the Central Andes}. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 216 p

Gonzalez-Ferran O, 1995. {Volcanes de Chile}. Santiago: Instituto Geografico Militar, 635 p

Hantke G, Parodi I, 1966. Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. {Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields}, Rome: IAVCEI, 19: 1-73

Lavallee Y, de Silva S L, Salas G, Byrnes J M, 2009. Structural control on volcanism at the Ubinas, Huaynaputina, and Ticscani Volcanic Group (UHTVG), southern Peru. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 186: 253-264

Thouret J-C, Rivera M, Worner G, Gerbe M-C, Finizola A, Fornari M, Gonzales K, 2005. Ubinas: the evolution of the historically most active volcano in southern Peru. {Bull Volc}: 67: 557-589

A small, 1.4-km-wide caldera cuts the top of Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, giving it a truncated appearance. Ubinas is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front of Perú. The growth and destruction of Ubinas I volcano was followed by construction of Ubinas II volcano beginning in the mid-Pleistocene. The upper slopes of the andesitic-to-rhyolitic Ubinas II stratovolcano are composed primarily of andesitic and trachyandesitic lava flows and steepen to nearly 45 degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas about 3700 years ago extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread plinian pumice-fall deposits from Ubinas include one of Holocene age about 1000 years ago. Holocene lava flows are visible on the volcano's flanks, but historical activity, documented since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor-to-moderate explosive eruptions.