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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Beate B, 1990. Sequence of explosive products of the Chachimbiro volcanic complex, Ecuador, South America. {IAVCEI 1990 Internatl Volc Cong, Mainz, Abs}, (unpaginated)

Beate B, 1992. . (pers. comm.)

Beate B, Salgado R, 2005. Geothermal country update for Ecuador, 2000-2005. {Proc World Geotherm Cong 2005, Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005}, 5 p

Hall M L, Mothes P A, 2008b. Volcanic impediments in the progressive development of pre-Columbian civilizations in the Ecuadorian Andes. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 176: 344-355

The Chachimbiro volcanic complex lies about 25 km NW of the city of Ibarra. Late Pleistocene collapse of the andesitic Huanguillaro stratovolcano produced a 6.8 cu km debris-avalanche deposit and a 4-km-wide avalanche caldera open to the east that has largely been filled by lava domes, including the rhyodacitic Hugá lava dome. The avalanche deposit is overlain by three large ignimbrites and pyroclastic-flow deposits related to dome growth. The late Pleistocene-to-Holocene, NNE-trending dacitic Chachimbiro-Pucará line of lava domes includes the Pitzantzi lava dome, which erupted about 5700 years ago, producing an ash deposit that extends to the NW. Hot springs and thermal areas are present at the Chachimbiro complex.