No latest activity reported for #volcano.name#.

Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Alvarado G E, 1989. {Los Volcanes de Costa Rica}. San Jose, Costa Rica: Universidad Estatal a Distancia, 175 p

Alvarado G E, 2000. {Volcanes de Costa Rica: su geologia, historia y riqueza natural}. San Jose, Costa Rica: EUNED, 269 p

Alvarado G E, 1993. Volcanology and petrology of Irazu volcano, Costa Rica. {Unpublished PhD thesis}, Christian-Albrechts Univ, 261 p

Alvarado G E, Carr M J, Turrin B D, Swisher CC III, Schmincke H-U, Hudnut K W, 2006. Recent volcanic history of Irazu volcano, Costa Rica: alternation and mixing of two magma batches, and pervasive mixing. {In}: Rose W I, Bluth G J S, Carr M J, Ewert J W, Patino L C, Vallance J W (eds), Volcanic hazards in Central America, {Geol Soc Amer Spec Pap}, 412: 259-276

Alvarado G E, Vega E, Chaves J, Vasquez M, 2004. Los grandes deslizamientos (volcanicos y no volcanicos) de tip debris avalanche en Costa Rica. {Rev Geol Amer Central}, 30: 83-99

Alvarado-Induni G E, 2005. {Costa Rica, Land of Volcanoes}. San Jose, Costa Rica: EUNID, 306 p

Barquero-H J, 1998b. {Volcan Irazu}. San Jose, Costa Rica: privately published, 50 p

Barquero-H J, Saenz-R R, 1987. Aparatos volcanicos de Costa Rica. {Heredia, Costa Rica: OVSICORI-UNA}, 1:750,000 map and volcano list

Carr M J, 1984. Symmetrical and segmented variation of physical and geochemical characterisitics of the Central American volcanic front. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 20: 231-252

Hidalgo P J, Alvarado G E, Linkimer L, 2004. La Lavina del Valle Central (Costa Rica): lahar o debris avalanche?. {Rev Geol Amer Central}, 30: 101-109

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. {IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior}.

Krushensky R D, Escalante G, 1967. Activity of Irazu and Poas volcanoes, Costa Rica, November 1964-July 1965. {Bull Volc}, 31: 75-84

Mooser F, Meyer-Abich H, McBirney A R, 1958. Central America. {Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields}, Rome: IAVCEI, 6: 1-146

Murata K J, Dondoli C, Saenz R, 1966. The 1963-65 eruption of Irazu volcano, Costa Rica. {Bull Volc}, 29: 765-793

Sapper K, 1925. {The Volcanoes of Central America}. Halle: Verlag Max Niemeyer, 144 p

Scott K C, Reagan M K, Trimble D A, 2006. Tephra deposits for the past 2600 years from Irazu volcano, Costa Rica. {In}: Rose W I, Bluth G J S, Carr M J, Ewert J W, Patino L C, Vallance J W (eds), Volcanic hazards in Central America, {Geol Soc Amer Spec Pap}, 412: 225-234

Siebert L, Alvarado G E, Vallance J W, van Wyk de Vries B, 2006. Large-volume volcanic edifice failures in Central America and associated hazards. {In}: Rose W I, Bluth G J S, Carr M J, Ewert J W, Patino L C, Vallance J W (eds), Volcanic hazards in Central America, {Geol Soc Amer Spec Pap}, 412: 1-26

Stine C M, Banks N G, 1991. Costa Rica volcano profile. {U S Geol Surv Open-File Rpt}, 67 p

Irazú, Costa Rica's highest volcano and one of its most active, rises to 3432 m immediately east of the capital city of San José. The massive volcano covers an area of 500 sq km and is vegetated to within a few hundred meters of its broad flat-topped summit crater complex. At least 10 satellitic cones are located on the southern flank of Irazú. No lava flows have been identified from Irazú since the eruption of the massive Cervantes lava flows from south-flank vents about 14,000 years ago, and all known Holocene eruptions have been explosive. The focus of eruptions at the summit crater complex has migrated to the west towards the historically active crater, which contains a small lake of variable size and color. Although eruptions may have occurred around the time of the Spanish conquest, the first well-documented historical eruption occurred in 1723, and frequent explosive eruptions have occurred since. Ashfall from the last major eruption of Irazú during 1963-65 caused significant disruption to San José and surrounding areas.