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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Carr M J, 1984. Symmetrical and segmented variation of physical and geochemical characterisitics of the Central American volcanic front. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 20: 231-252

Gonzalez Partida E, Torres Rodriguez V, Birkle P, 1997. Plio-Pleistocene volcanic history of the Ahuachapan geothermal system, El Salvador: the Concepcion de Ataco caldera. {Geothermics}, 26: 555-575

Gonzalez-Partida E, Renteria-T D, Faz-P P, Garduno-M V H, Canul-D R, Contreras-L E, Guevara-G M, Izquierdo-M G, 1991. Informe final del estudio geovulcanologico. {Comision Ejecutiva Hidoelectrica del Rio Lempa (CEL)}, unpublished internal rpt, 114 p

Handal S, Barrios L A, 2004. Hydrothermal eruptions in El Salvador: a review. {In}: Rose W I, Bommer J J, Lopez D L, Carr M J, Major J J (eds), Natural Hazards in El Salvador, {Geol Soc Amer Spec Pap}, 375: 245-255

Katsui Y (ed), 1971. List of the World Active Volcanoes. {Volc Soc Japan draft ms}, (limited circulation), 160 p

Mooser F, Meyer-Abich H, McBirney A R, 1958. Central America. {Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields}, Rome: IAVCEI, 6: 1-146

Nieva D, Verma M P, Santoyo E, Portugal E, Campos A, 1997. Geothermal exploration of the Chipilapa geothermal field, El Salvador. {Geothermics}, 26: 589-612

Patrier P, Papapanagiotou P, Beaufort D, Traineau H, Bril H, Rojas J, 1996. Role of permeability versus temperature in the distribution of the fine (<0.2 mu m) clay fraction in the Chipilapa geothermal system (El Salvador, Central America). {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 72: 101-120

Rodriguez J A, Herrara A, 2003. Geothermal El Salvador. {Geotherm Res Council Bull}, 32: 159-162

Romagnoli P, Cuellar G, Jimenez M, Ghezzi G, 1976. Hydrogeological characteristics of the geothermal field of Ahuachapan, El Salvador. {In}: {Proc 2nd United Nations Symp Devel and Use Geotherm Resour, San Francisco}, Washington, D C: U S Government Printing Office, 1: 571-574

Weber H S, Wiesemann G, 1978. Mapa Geologico de la Republica de El Salvador/America Central. Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover, Germany, 1:100,000 scale geologic map in 6 sheets

The Apaneca Range (also known as the Cuyanausul Range) consists of an elongated group of roughly E-W-trending basaltic-to-andesitic Pleistocene and Holocene stratovolcanoes in western El Salvador between the Santa Ana complex and the Guatemala border. The 5 x 3.5 km wide Pleistocene dacitic-rhyolitic Concepción de Ataco caldera lies at the western end of the complex, along with post-caldera late-Pleistocene to Holocene andesitic-dacitic lava domes. The post-caldera cones of Cerro el Aguila (at 2036 m the highest peak of the complex) and Cerro los Naranjos volcano at the eastern end of the chain were mapped as Holocene by Weber and Weisemann (1978). Young craters on basaltic Laguna Verde stratovolcano may also have been active during the Holocene. Numerous fumarole fields are located on the northern flank of the range, and the Ahuachapán geothermal field has been producing since 1975. Several small hydrothermal explosions have occurred in historical time, including one in October 1990 at the Agua Shuca thermal area in which 26 persons were killed.