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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Armienta M A, De la Cruz-Reyna S, 1995. Some hydro-geochemical fluctuations observed in Mexico related to volcanic activity. {Applied Geochem}, 10: 215-227

Armienta M A, De la Cruz-Reyna S, Macias J L, 2000. Chemical characteristics of the crater lakes of Popocatepetl, El Chichon, and Nevado de Toluca volcanoes, Mexico. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 97: 105-125

Casadevall T J, De la Cruz-Reyna S, Rose W I, Bagley S, Finnegan D L, Zoller W H, 1984. Crater Lake and post-eruption hydrothermal activity, El Chichon volcano, Mexico. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 23: 169-191

De la Cruz-Reyna S, Mena M, Segovia N, Chalot J F, Seidel J L, Monnin M, 1985. Radon emanometry in soil gases and activity in ashes from El Chichon volcano. {Pure Applied Geophys}, 123: 407-421

Duffield W A, Tilling R I, Canul R, 1984. Geology of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 20: 117-132

Espindola J M, Macias J L, Tilling R I, Sheridan M F, 2000. Volcanic history of El Chichon Volcano (Chiapas, Mexico) during the Holocene, and its impact on human activity. {Bull Volc}, 62: 90-104

Garcia-Palomo A, Macias J L, Espindola J M, 2004. Strike-slip faults and K-alkaline volcanism at El Chichon volcano, southeastern Mexico. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 136: 247-268

Jimenez Z, Espindola V H, Espindola J M, 1999. Evolution of the seismic activity from the 1982 eruption of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico. {Bull Volc}, 61: 411-422

Luhr J F, Kimberly P G, Siebert L, Aranda-Gomez J J, Housh T B, Kysar Mattietti G, 2006. Quaternary volcanic rocks: insights from the MEXPET petrological and geochemical database. {In}: Siebe S, Macias J-L, Aguirre-Diaz G J (eds) Neogone-Quaternary continental margin volcanism: a perspective from Mexico, {Geol Soc Amer Spec Pap}, 402: 1-44

Macias J L, Capra L, Arce J L, Espindola J M, Garcia-Palomo A, Sheridan M F, 2008. Hazard map of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: constraints posed by eruptive history and computer simulations. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 175: 444-458

Macias J L, Espindola J M, Bursik M, Sheridan M F, 1998. Development of lithic-breccias in the 1982 pyroclastic flow deposits of El Chichon Volcano, Mexico. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 83: 173-196

Macias J L, Espindola J M, Taran Y, Sheridan M F, Garcia A, 1997. Explosive volcanic activity during the last 3,500 years at El Chichon volcano, Mexico. {IAVCEI Puerto Vallarta, Mexico Plenary Assembly, Excursion no. 6 Field Guide}, p. 1-53

Macias J L, Sheridan M F, Espindola J M, 1997. Reappraisal of the 1982 eruptions of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: new data from proximal deposits. {Bull Volc}, 58: 459-471

McGee J J, Tilling R I, Duffield W A, 1987. Petrologic characteristics of the 1982 and pre-1982 eruptive products of El Chichon Volcano, Chiapas, Mexico. {Geof Internac}, 26: 85-108

Mooser F, Meyer-Abich H, McBirney A R, 1958. Central America. {Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields}, Rome: IAVCEI, 6: 1-146

Rose W I, Bornhorst T J, Halsor S P, Capaul W A, Plumley P J, De la Cruz-Reyna S, Mena M, Mota R, 1984. Volcan El Chichon, Mexico: pre-1982 S-rich eruptive activity. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 23: 147-168

Sigurdsson H, Carey S N, Espindola J M, 1984. The 1982 eruptions of El Chichon volcano, Mexico: stratigraphy of pyroclastic deposits. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 23: 11-38

Taran Y A, Fischer T P, Pokrovsky B, Sano Y, Aurora-Armienta M, Macias J L, 1998. Geochemistry of the volcano-hydrothermal system of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico. {Bull Volc}, 59: 436-449

Tilling R I, Rubin M, Sigurdsson H, Carey S, Duffield W A, Rose W I, 1984. Holocene eruptive activity of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico. {Science}, 224: 747-749

El Chichón is a small, but powerful trachyandesitic tuff cone and lava dome complex that occupies an isolated part of the Chiapas region in SE México far from other Holocene volcanoes. Prior to 1982, this relatively unknown volcano was heavily forested and of no greater height than adjacent nonvolcanic peaks. The largest dome, the former summit of the volcano, was constructed within a 1.6 x 2 km summit crater created about 220,000 years ago. Two other large craters are located on the SW and SE flanks; a lava dome fills the SW crater, and an older dome is located on the NW flank. More than ten large explosive eruptions have occurred since the mid-Holocene. The powerful 1982 explosive eruptions of high-sulfur, anhydrite-bearing magma destroyed the summit lava dome and were accompanied by pyroclastic flows and surges that devastated an area extending about 8 km around the volcano. The eruptions created a new 1-km-wide, 300-m-deep crater that now contains an acidic crater lake.