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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. {IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior}.

Katsui Y (ed), 1971. List of the World Active Volcanoes. {Volc Soc Japan draft ms}, (limited circulation), 160 p

Macdonald G A, 1959. The activity of Hawaiian volcanoes during the years 1951-1956. {Bull Volc}, 22: 3-70

A "smoke" column rising several thousand meters from the sea, steaming turbulent water, water discoloration, and a probable raft of floating pumice were seen from the air at a point 90 km NE of Necker Island on August 20, 1953. Despite a water depth at this point of approximately 4 km, Macdonald (1959) considered there to be little doubt that a submarine eruption, the westernmost historical volcanic eruption in the Hawaiian lsland chain, had occurred.