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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Bailey R A, Smith R L, 1978. Volcanic geology of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. {New Mexico Bur Mines Socorro Circ}, 163: 184-196

Goff F, Gardner J N, Baldridge W S, Hulen J B, Neilsen D L, Vaniman D, Heiken G, Dungan M A, Brixton D, 1989. Excursion 17B: volcanic and hydrothermal evolution of Valles caldera and Jemez volcanic field. {New Mexico Bur Mines Min Resour Mem}, 46: 381-434

Green J, Short N M, 1971. {Volcanic Landforms and Surface Features: a Photographic Atlas and Glossary}. New York: Springer-Verlag, 519 p

Heiken G, Goff F, Stix J, Tamanyu S, Shafiqullah M, Garcia S, Hagan R, 1986. Intracaldera volcanic activity, Toledo caldera and embayment, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. {J Geophys Res}, 91: 1799-1816

Reneau S L, Gardner J N, Forman S L, 1996. New evidence for the age of the youngest eruptions in the Valles caldera, New Mexico. {Geology}, 24: 7-10

Self S, Wolff J A, 2005. Outstanding issues about relationships between large-scale calderas, ignimbrite volumes, and magma body shape and longevity. {Workshop Caldera Volcanism: Analysis, Modelling and Response, Parador de las Canadas, 16-22 October, 2005}, Abs, p 15

Self S, Wolff J A, Spell T L, Skuba C E, Morrissey M M, 1991. Revisionst to the stratigraphy and volcanology of the Post-0.5 Ma units and the volcanic section of VC-1 core hole, Valles caldera, New Mexico. {J Geophys Res}, 96: 4107-4116

Smith R L, Bailey R A, 1968. Resurgent cauldrons. {Geol Soc Amer Mem}, 116: 613-662

Smith R L, Shaw H R, 1975. Igneous-related geothermal systems. {U S Geol Surv Circ}, 726: 58-83

Wolff J A, Gardner J N, 1995. Is the Valles caldera entering a new cycle of activity?. {Geology}, 23: 411-414

Wood C A, Kienle J (eds), 1990. {Volcanoes of North America}. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ Press, 354 p

The 22-km-wide Valles caldera was formed as a result of two large volume eruptions that created the widespread Bandelier Tuff ignimbrite plateaus on all sides of the caldera. The lower member of the Bandelier Tuff, the Otawi, was emplaced about 1.7 million years ago (Ma) and resulted in the formation of most of the present-day Valles caldera, including the Toledo embayment at the NE side. The upper member, the Tshirege, is dated about 1.2 Ma, and also deposited voluminous welded pyroclastic flows over about the same area as the Otawi member. Post-caldera volcanism has included the emplacement of multiple ring-fracture lava domes and uplift of the caldera floor, forming the Redondo Peak resurgent dome. The El Cajete Pumice, Battleship Rock Ignimbrite, Banco Bonito Rhyolite, and the VC-1 Rhyolite were emplaced during the youngest eruption of Valles caldera, about 50,000-60,000 years ago. Seismic investigations show that a low-velocity zone lies beneath the caldera, and an active geothermal system with hot springs and fumaroles exists today.