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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Bloomer S H, Stern R J, Smoot N C, 1989. Physical volcanology of the submarine Mariana and Volcano arcs. {Bull Volc}, 51: 210-224

Johnson R H, 1973. Acoustic observations of nonexplosive submarine volcanism. {J Geophys Res}, 78: 6093-6096

Kohut E, 2007. . (pers. comm.)

Norris R A, Johnson R H, 1969. Submarine volcanic eruptions recently located in the Pacific by SOFAR hydrophones. {J Geophys Res}, 74: 650-664

Ruby, a basaltic submarine volcano that rises to within 230 m of the sea surface near the southern end of the Mariana arc NW of Saipan, was detected in eruption in 1966 by sonar signals (Norris and Johnson, 1969). In 1995 submarine explosions were heard, accompanied by a fish kill, sulfurous odors, bubbling water, and the detection of volcanic tremor.