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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Japan Meteorological Agency, 1996. {National Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes in Japan (second edition)}. Tokyo: Japan Meteorological Agency, 502 p (in Japanese)

Kudo T, Hoshizumi H, 2006-. Catalog of eruptive events within the last 10,000 years in Japan, database of Japanese active volcanoes. Geol Surv Japan, AIST, http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/db099/eruption/index.html

Kuno H, 1962. Japan, Taiwan and Marianas. {Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields}, Rome: IAVCEI, 11: 1-332

Matsumoto A, Kobayashi T, 1999. K-Ar ages of the Older Ontake volcanic products, Ontake volcano, Central Japan: reappraisal of the volcanic history based on radiometric data. {Bull Volc Soc Japan (Kazan)}, 44: 1-12 (in Japanese with English abs)

Nakano S, Yamamoto T, Iwaya T, Itoh J, Takada A, 2001-. {Quaternary Volcanoes of Japan}. Geol Surv Japan, AIST, http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/strata/VOL_JP/

Newhall C G, Dzurisin D, 1988. Historical unrest at large calderas of the world. {U S Geol Surv Bull}, 1855: 1108 p, 2 vol

The massive On-take stratovolcano, the second highest volcano in Japan, lies at the southern end of the Northern Japan Alps. On-take is constructed within a largely buried 4 x 5 km caldera and occupies the southern end of the Norikura volcanic zone, which extends northward through Norikura volcano to Yake-dake volcano. The older volcanic complex consisted of at least four major stratovolcanoes constructed from about 680,000 to about 420,000 years ago, after which On-take was inactive for more than 300,000 years. The broad, elongated summit of the younger edifice is cut by a series of small explosion craters along a NNE-trending line. Several phreatic eruptions from On-take post-date the roughly 7300-year-old Akahoya tephra from Kikai caldera. On-take's first historical eruption took place in 1979. A non-eruptive landslide in 1984 produced a debris avalanche and lahar that swept down valleys south and east of the volcano. Ascent of the 3063-m-high On-take is one of the major objects of religious pilgrimage in central Japan.