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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Ball E E, Johnson R W, 1976. Volcanic history of Long Island, Papua New Guinea. {In}: Johnson R W (ed) {Volcanism in Australasia}, Amsterdam: Elsevier, p 133-148

Blong R J, 1982. {The Time of Darkness Local Legends and Volcanic Reality in Papua New Guinea}. Canberra: Aust Natl Univ Press, 257 p

Cooke R J S, Johnson R W, 1978. Volcanoes and volcanology in Papua New Guinea. {Geol Surv Papua New Guinea Rpt}, 78/2: 1-46

Fisher N H, 1957. Melanesia. {Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields}, Rome: IAVCEI, 5: 1-105

Johnson R W, Taylor G A M, Davies R A, 1972. Geology and petrology of Quaternary volcanic islands off the north coast of New Guinea. {Aust Bur Min Resour Geol Geophys Rec}, 1972/21: 1-127

Lowenstein P L, 1982. Problems of volcanic hazards in Papua New Guinea. {Geol Surv Papua New Guinea Rpt}, 82/7: 1-62

Pain C F, Blong R J, McKee C O, 1981. Pyroclastic deposits and eruptive sequences of Long Island. Part 1: Lithology, stratigraphy, and volcanology. {Geol Surv Papua New Guinea Mem}, 10: 101-107

The broad profile of hexagonal-shaped Long Island is dominated by two steep-sided stratovolcanoes, Mount Reaumur in the north and Cerisy Peak in the south. Collapse of the basaltic-andesitic volcanic complex produced a large 10 x 12.5 km caldera, now filled by Lake Wisdom. Caldera formation occurred during at least three major explosive eruptions, about 16,000, 4000, and 300 years ago. The latter was one of the largest historical eruptions in Papua New Guinea and deposited andesitic tephra across the New Guinea highlands, prompting legends of a "Time of Darkness." Post-caldera eruptions have constructed a small cone, Motmot Island, in the south-central part of Lake Wisdom. Moderate explosive eruptions have occurred during the 20th century from vents at and near Motmot Island.