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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

NIWA/NOAA Vents Program, 2005. New Zealand American submarine ring of fire 2005 Kermadec arc submarine volcanoes. New Zeal Nat Inst Water Atmosph Res/NOAA Vents Program final cruise report (http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/05fire/logs/leg2_summary/media/srof05_cruisereport_final.pdf)

Twin submarine volcanoes, known informally as Volcano W, were discovered during a New Zealand-American submarine vent mapping expedition to the Kermadec arc in 2004. The two deep-water basaltic volcanoes lie SW of Curtis Island. The summits of both volcanoes are cut by small calderas, and evidence of diffuse hydrothermal venting was observed on the SE volcano in 2005. The SE volcano rises to within about 900 m of the sea surface and contains a cone in its summit caldera. The caldera walls expose pillow lavas, pillow tubes, localized sheet flows, and pillow breccias, with higher proportions of volcaniclastic breccias in the upper portion.