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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Brown G F, Schmidt D L, Huffman A C Jr, 1984. Geology of the Arabian Peninsula western shield area. {U S Geol Surv, Open-File Rpt}, 84:203: 1-217

Camp V E, Hooper P R, Roobol M J, White D L, 1987. The Madinah eruption, Saudi Arabia: magma mixing and simultaneous extrusion of the three basaltic chemical types. {Bull Volc}, 49: 489-508

Camp V E, Roobol M J, 1989. The Arabian continental alkali basalt province: Part I. Evolution of Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. {Geol Soc Amer Bull}, 101: 71-95

Camp V E, Roobol M J, 1991. Geologic map of the Cenozoic lava field of Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. {Saudi Arabia Directorate Gen Min Res}, Map GM-123, 1:250,000 geol map and text

Katsui Y (ed), 1971. List of the World Active Volcanoes. {Volc Soc Japan draft ms}, (limited circulation), 160 p

Neumann van Padang M, 1963a. Arabia and the Indian Ocean. {Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields}, Rome: IAVCEI, 16: 1-64

Saudi Arabia's largest lava field, 20,000 sq km Harrat Rahat extends for 300 km south of the holy city of Al Madinah (Medina). Four coalescing lava fields erupted from offset NNW-trending vent systems comprise Harrat Rahat, which has an average width of 60 km. Lava flows extend as far as 100 km west of the axis of the field. Basaltic scoria cones dominate Harrat Rahat, but the volcanic field has also produced more silicic trachy-basaltic to trachytic rocks. Small shield volcanoes and pelean-type lava domes with associated pyroclastic-flow and -surge deposits are also present. Activity has migrated to the north, resulting in eruptions in historical time near Madinah. The best-known eruption took place in 1256 AD, when a 0.5 cu km lava flow erupted from six aligned scoria cones and traveled 23 km to within 4 km of Madinah.