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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Fitton J G, 1987. The Cameroon line, West Africa: a comparison between oceanic and continental alkaline volcanism. {In}: Fitton J G and Upton B G J (eds) {Alkaline Igneous Rocks}, Geol Soc Amer Spec Pub 30: 273-291

Fitton J G, Dunlop H M, 1985. The Cameroon line, West Africa, and its bearing on the origin of oceanic and continental alkali basalt. {Earth Planet Sci Lett}, 72: 23-38

Geze B, 1953. Les volcans du Cameroun occidental. {Bull Volc}, 13: 63-92

Mitchell-Thome R C, 1970. {Geology of the South Atlantic islands}. Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 350 p

Sao Tome is a roughly conical island in the Gulf of Guinea that rises to a height of 2024 m from a depth of 3000 m below sea level. The southern and western parts of the island are more dissected, and dramatic phonolitic and trachytic spines rise vertically out of the rain forest. Most of the lavas erupted over the last million years are basaltic in composition. The youngest dated volcanic rock on Sao Tome is 0.1 million years old. However, the Sao Tome shield volcano is dotted with numerous morphologically recent cinder cones, many of which are concentrated on the SE side of the island.