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Below is a summary of eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

The following references are the sources used for data regarding this volcano. References are linked directly to our volcano data file. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title. Additional discussion of data sources can be found under Volcano Data Criteria.

Acocella V, Funiciello R, 1999. The interaction between regional and local tectonics during resurgent doming: the case of the island of Ischia, Italy. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 88: 109-123

Brown R J, Orsi G, de Vita S, 2008. New insights into Late Pleistocene explosive volcanic activity and caldera formation on Ischia (southern Italy). {Bull Volc}, 70: 583-603

Capaldi G, Civetta L, Gasparini P, 1976-77. Volcanic history of the island of Ischia (south Italy). {Bull Volc}, 40: 11-22

Chiocci F L, de Alteriis G, 2006. The Ischia debris avalanche: first clear submarine evidence in the Mediterranean of a volcanic island prehistorical collapse. {Terra Nova}, 18: 202-209

Imbo G, 1965. Italy. {Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields}, Rome: IAVCEI, 18: 1-72

Katsui Y (ed), 1971. List of the World Active Volcanoes. {Volc Soc Japan draft ms}, (limited circulation), 160 p

Krafft M, 1974. {Guide des Volcans d'Europe}. Neuchatel: Delachaux & Niestle, 412 p

Lucchi F, Tranne C A, De Astis G, Keller J, Losito R, Morche W, 2008. Stratigraphy and significance of Brown Tuffs on the Aeolian Islands (southern Italy). {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 177: 49-70

Manzo M, Ricciardi G P, Casu F, Ventura G, Zeni G, Borgstrom S, Berardino P, Del Gaudio C, Lanzari R, 2006. Surface deformation analysis in the Ischia Island (Italy) based on spaceborne radar interferometry. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 151: 399-416

Molin P, Acocella V, Funiciello R, 2003. Structural, seismic and hydrothermal features at the border of an active intermittent resurgent block: Ischia Island (Italy). {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 121: 65-81

Orsi G, Gallo G, Heiken G, Wohletz K, Yu E, Bonani G, 1992. A comprehensive study of pumice formation and dispersal: the Cretaio Tephra of Ischia (Italy). {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 53: 329-354

Orsi G, Gallo G, Zanchi A, 1991. Simple-shearing block resurgence in caldera depressions. A model from Pantelleria and Ischia. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 47: 1-11

Orsi G, Piochi M, Campajola L, D'Onofrio A, Gialanella L, Terrasi F, 1996. 14C geochronological constraints for the volcanic history of the island of Ischia (Italy) over the last 5000 years. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 71: 249-257

Peccerillo A, 2005. {Plio-Quaternary Volcanism in Italy}. Berlin: Springer, 365 p

Poli S, Chiesa S, Gillot P-Y, Gregnanin A, Guichard F, 1987. Chemistry versus time in the volcanic complex of Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy): evidence of successive magmatic cycles. {Contr Mineral Petr}, 95: 322-335

Slejko F F, Petrini R, Orsi G, Piochi M, Forte C, 2004. Water speciation and Sr isotopic exchange during water--melt interaction: a combined NMR-TIMS study on the Cretaio Tephra (Ischia Island, south Italy). {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 133: 311-320

Vezzoli L, 1986. {Geologic Map of the Island of Ischia}. CNR Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, Rome

Vezzoli L, Principe C, Malfatti J, Arrighi S, Tanguy J-C, Le Goff M, 2009. Modes and times of caldera resurgence: the <10 ka evolution of ischia caldera, Italy, from high-precision archeomagnetic dating. {J Volc Geotherm Res}, 186: 305-319

The Ischia volcanic complex forms a rectangular, 6 x 9 km island immediately SW of the Campi Flegrei area at the western side of the Bay of Naples. The eruption of the trachytic Green Tuff ignimbrite about 56,000 years ago was followed by caldera formation. The high point on the island, 789-m-high Monte Epomeo, is a volcanic horst composed of the Green Tuff ignimbrite deposit that was submerged after its eruption and then uplifted. Volcanism on the island has been significantly affected by tectonism that formed a series of horsts and grabens; at least 800 m of uplift has formed as a result of resurgent doming during past 33,000 years. Many small monogenetic volcanoes were formed around the uplifted block. Volcanism during the Holocene produced a series of pumiceous tephras, tuff rings, lava domes, and lava flows, and a major collapse of Mount Epomeo produced a large submarine debris-avalanche deposit. The latest eruption of Ischia, in 1302 AD, produced a spatter cone and the Arso lava flow, which reached the NE coast.